Table 1.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in C. sinensis tea, herbs, herbal teas, and supplements.
| Samples, n (Origin) |
Analytes | Positives | Method | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detected | n+, % | Concentration, µg/kg | ||||
| C. sinensis tea | ||||||
| Green tea, 129 (Morocco) |
AFLs | AFL B1, B2, G1, G2: |
59 | <0.75–41.8 (B1); 1.2–75.4 (B2), 8–30.2 (G1), 1.3–76 (G2) |
HPLC-FLD | [5] |
| Green tea, 111 (Morocco) |
15 mycotoxins: AFLs, OTA, ZEA, Alternaria mycotoxins, ENNs, BEA |
AOH: | 40 | max 5.9 | HPLC-MS/MS | [6] |
| ZEA: | 35 | max 45.8 | ||||
| AFL G1: | 2 | max 1.6 | ||||
| AFL B2: | 2 | max 7.4 | ||||
| ENN B: | 2 | max 0.3 | ||||
| TE: | 1 | 4.6 | ||||
| Green tea, 15 (Iran) |
AFLs, OTA |
AFLs: | 13 | 1.0–2.8 | HPLC-FLD | [7] |
| OTA: | 73 | 0.5–24 | ||||
| Black tea, 45 (Iran) |
AFLs, OTA |
AFLs: | 40 | 0.7–4.2 | ||
| OTA: | 91 | 5.1–30.9 | ||||
| Post-fermented tea, 158 (China) |
AFLs | AFL B1: | 1 sample | 2.1 | HPLC-MS/MS | [8] |
| AFLs: | 1 sample | 3.9 | ||||
| Post-fermented tea, 108 (China) |
AFLs, OTA, DON, ZEA, FBs, T-2 | OTA: | 2 | max 36.4 | HPLC-UV, HPLC-FLD | [9] |
| ZEA: | 5 | max 182.3 | ||||
| Pu-erh, 20 (Latvia) |
42 myco-toxins |
DON and derivatives: | 100 | max 17,360 | 2D-LC-TOF | [10] |
| AFL B1, B2, G1: | 40 (B1) | max 2.7 (B1) and 19.7 (AFLs) | ||||
| OTA/OTB: | 25/60 | max 4.1/max 30 | ||||
| STC: | 45 | max 93.4 | ||||
| ZEA: | 35 | max 56.1 | ||||
| Alternaria mycotoxins | 70 | - * | ||||
| ENNs | + * | - * | ||||
| Black tea, 63 (Latvia) |
DON and derivatives: | 39 | max 537 | |||
| AFL B1, B2, G1 | 10 | max 3.5 (B1) and 13.9 (AFLs) | ||||
| OTA/OTB: | 6/NF | max 7.7 | ||||
| Green tea, 43 (Latvia) |
DON and derivatives: | 59 | max 3086 | |||
| AFL B1, B2, G1 | 16 | max 3.0 (B1) and 7.7 (AFLs) | ||||
| OTA/OTB: | 9/NF | max 3.4/– | ||||
| STC: | 7 | max 13.0 | ||||
| T-2 + HT-2 | 5 | 13.7 and 42.4 | ||||
| ENNs | + * | - * | ||||
| Green and black tea, 50 (Russia) |
29 mycotoxins |
MPA: | 26 | max 200 | HPLC-MS/MS | [11] |
| STC: | 5 | <4 | ||||
| ENN B: | 10 | <2.5 | ||||
| BEA: | 58 | <2.5 | ||||
| Herbs, herbal teas, and supplements | ||||||
| Herbal tea, 26 (Latvia) |
42 mycotoxins |
DON and derivatives: | 35 | max 5631 | 2D-LC-TOF | [10] |
| AFL B1, B2, G1 | 15 | max 15.7 (AFLs) | ||||
| OTA/OTB: | 15/15 | max 4.2/max 4.6 | ||||
| Alternaria mycotoxins, | 12 | - * | ||||
| ENNs | + * | - * | ||||
| Multicomponent herbal tea, 11 (Russia) |
29 mycotoxins | STC | 36 | 8–10 | HPLC-MS/MS | [11] |
| MPA | 45 | 440–2240 | ||||
| TE | 54 | 5.2–9.2 | ||||
| ENNs | 64 | 2.8–55 | ||||
| Chinese herbal medicines (review) |
AFL B1 | 23 | 0.02–1268.8 | -- | [12] | |
| OTA | 26 | 0.01–158.7 | ||||
| ZEA | 41 | 0.2–931.07 | ||||
| FBs, DON, T-2 | + * | - * | ||||
| Chinese traditional medicinal herbs, 48 (China) |
AFLs, OTA, CIT | AFLs | 71 | max 6.3 | HPLC-MS/MS HPLC-FLD |
[13] |
| OTA | 29 | max 515 | ||||
| CIT | 8 | max 53 | ||||
| Herbs, 37 (Lebanon) |
Alternaria mycotoxins (TNZ, TE, ALT, AOH, AME) |
TNZ | 73 | max 4868 | HPLC-MS/MS | [14] |
| TE | 30 | max 67 | ||||
| AOH | 19 | max 64 | ||||
| AME | 54 | max 161 | ||||
| Herbs and herbal tea, 37 (Portugal) | AFLs, ZEA | AFLs | 65 | 2.8–28.2 | SPE-ELISA | [15] |
| ZEA | 62 | 1.8–19.0 | ||||
| Herbal dietary supplements, 69 (Czech Republic, US) |
57 mycotoxins | DON | 23 | max: 2890 | HPLC-MS/MS | [16] |
| T-2/HT-2 | 38/31 | max 1870/max 1530 | ||||
| ZEA | 52 | max 824 | ||||
| AOH | 69 | max 4650 | ||||
| AME | 78 | max 1080 | ||||
| TE | 46 | max 1280 | ||||
| TNZ | 12 | max: 6780 | ||||
| ENNs | 53–61 | max 9260 (ENN B) | ||||
| BEA | 64 | max 2730 | ||||
| MPA | 20 | max 3260 | ||||
| STC | 13 | max 42 | ||||
| OTA | 1 | max 956 | ||||
| PAT | 1 | max 380 | ||||
| Medicinal herbs (review) |
AFLs | - * | max 380 (B1); max 13.5 (B2); | - | [17] | |
| max 190 (G1); max 3.2 (G2) | ||||||
| OTA | max 253 | |||||
| STC | max 20 | |||||
| ZEA | max 211 | |||||
| FBs | max 237 | |||||
| DON | max 344 | |||||
| CIT | max 354 | |||||
| T-2 | max 60.5 | |||||
*—is not presented in the original paper and cannot not be calculated from available data; NF—not found; OTB—ochratoxin B; CIT—citrinin; PAT—patulin.