Table 1.
Amino acid profiles and ammonium contents of 15 microalgae powders in g/100 g d.w. with their calculated protein quality and N-factor.
| AP | CP | CV | DS | TC | AFA | HP | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ◊ | 1 | 2 | 3 | ◊ | 1 | 2 | ◊ | 1 | 2 | ◊ | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ala | 3.70 ± 0.34 | 3.65 ± 0.22 | 3.87 ± 0.10 | 3.39 ± 0.13 | 3.77 ± 0.23 | a | 3.88 ± 0.10 | 3.440 ± 0.001 | 3.82 ± 0.11 | a | 3.81 ± 0.24 | 3.59 ± 0.19 | a | 0.009 ± 0.009 | <LOQ | b | 0.72 ± 0.10 | 3.66 ± 0.27 | 0.300 ± 0.001 |
| Arg | 3.24 ± 0.35 | 3.29 ± 0.22 | 3.45 ± 0.08 | 3.21 ± 0.12 | 3.27 ± 0.21 | a | 2.99 ± 0.06 | 2.58 ± 0.01 | 2.87 ± 0.09 | b | 2.95 ± 0.19 | 2.69 ± 0.15 | b | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 2.52 ± 0.19 | 0.320 ± 0.003 |
| Asp | 4.67 ± 0.44 | 4.70 ± 0.29 | 4.90 ± 0.13 | 4.38 ± 0.19 | 4.70 ± 0.33 | a | 4.16 ± 0.09 | 3.76 ± 0.03 | 4.23 ± 0.15 | b | 4.06 ± 0.25 | 3.94 ± 0.21 | b | 0.010 ± 0.009 | <LOQ | c | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 4.41 ± 0.30 | 0.450 ± 0.003 |
| Cys | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.037 ± 0.002 | 0.071 ± 0.004 | 0.037 ± 0.003 | 0.030 ± 0.003 | a | 0.0486 ± 0.0004 | 0.023 ± 0.001 | 0.037 ± 0.004 | a | 0.046 ± 0.002 | 0.035 ± 0.003 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | <LOQ |
| Glu | 5.48 ± 0.42 | 5.40 ± 0.32 | 5.52 ± 0.16 | 5.08 ± 0.25 | 5.44 ± 0.33 | a | 4.96 ± 0.17 | 4.46 ± 0.01 | 4.80 ± 0.11 | b | 4.78 ± 0.29 | 4.49 ± 0.23 | b | 0.027 ± 0.008 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | c | 1.22 ± 0.17 | 5.21 ± 0.36 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
| Gly | 2.44 ± 0.23 | 2.41 ± 0.14 | 2.55 ± 0.07 | 2.22 ± 0.07 | 2.49 ± 0.12 | a | 2.66 ± 0.06 | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 2.63 ± 0.07 | a | 2.55 ± 0.17 | 2.48 ± 0.14 | a | 0.010 ± 0.003 | 0.004 ± 0.004 | b | 0.58 ± 0.08 | 2.23 ± 0.18 | 0.260 ± 0.004 |
| His | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | a | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | a | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | a | 0.011 ± 0.019 | <LOQ | b | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.091 ± 0.004 |
| Ile | 2.34 ± 0.24 | 2.32 ± 0.16 | 2.43 ± 0.03 | 2.09 ± 0.04 | 2.36 ± 0.13 | a | 1.59 ± 0.03 | 1.336 ± 0.003 | 1.49 ± 0.02 | b | 1.46 ± 0.10 | 1.39 ± 0.08 | b | 0.004 ± 0.007 | <LOQ | c | 0.40 ± 0.06 | 2.13 ± 0.18 | 0.21 ± 0.03 |
| Leu | 4.00 ± 0.39 | 3.98 ± 0.25 | 4.16 ± 0.10 | 3.63 ± 0.14 | 4.04 ± 0.26 | a | 3.82 ± 0.08 | 3.38 ± 0.02 | 3.74 ± 0.11 | a | 3.70 ± 0.25 | 3.51 ± 0.19 | a | 0.027 ± 0.013 | 0.020 ± 0.019 | b | 0.84 ± 0.12 | 3.72 ± 0.27 | 0.44 ± 0.02 |
| Lys | 2.23 ± 0.24 | 2.26 ± 0.14 | 2.35 ± 0.07 | 2.07 ± 0.09 | 2.30 ± 0.16 | a | 3.81 ± 0.08 | 2.17 ± 0.01 | 3.40 ± 0.11 | a | 3.72 ± 0.23 | 3.08 ± 0.17 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 2.42 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
| Met | 1.09 ± 0.21 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.13 | 0.89 ± 0.14 | a | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | a | 0.77 ± 0.11 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 |
| Phe | 2.16 ± 0.22 | 2.16 ± 0.14 | 2.22 ± 0.05 | 1.90 ± 0.07 | 2.16 ± 0.14 | a | 2.24 ± 0.04 | 1.97 ± 0.01 | 2.20 ± 0.06 | a | 2.17 ± 0.14 | 2.07 ± 0.12 | a | 0.006 ± 0.010 | <LOQ | b | 0.57 ± 0.08 | 1.96 ± 0.18 | 0.270 ± 0.004 |
| Pro | 2.00 ± 0.17 | 2.06 ± 0.11 | 2.10 ± 0.07 | 1.81 ± 0.05 | 2.02 ± 0.12 | a | 2.57 ± 0.18 | 1.960 ± 0.003 | 2.41 ± 0.07 | a | 2.52 ± 0.06 | 2.30 ± 0.07 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 1.71 ± 0.08 | 0.220 ± 0.005 |
| Ser | 2.75 ± 0.28 | 2.76 ± 0.17 | 2.92 ± 0.07 | 2.49 ± 0.10 | 2.80 ± 0.19 | a | 2.08 ± 0.05 | 1.89 ± 0.01 | 2.15 ± 0.07 | b | 2.07 ± 0.13 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | b | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 2.55 ± 0.16 | 0.280 ± 0.006 |
| Thr | 2.38 ± 0.25 | 2.40 ± 0.16 | 2.50 ± 0.06 | 2.12 ± 0.09 | 2.43 ± 0.17 | a | 2.08 ± 0.05 | 1.73 ± 0.01 | 2.17 ± 0.07 | a | 2.01 ± 0.13 | 2.05 ± 0.12 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 2.58 ± 0.18 | 0.190 ± 0.002 |
| Trp | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.26 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | a | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.05 | a | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | a | 0.028 ± 0.008 | <LOQ | b | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.02 |
| Tyr | 2.40 ± 0.27 | 2.38 ± 0.16 | 2.50 ± 0.05 | 2.18 ± 0.09 | 2.41 ± 0.16 | a | 2.52 ± 0.07 | 3.54 ± 0.01 | 2.54 ± 0.09 | a | 2.53 ± 0.16 | 2.27 ± 0.13 | a | 0.011 ± 0.019 | <LOQ | b | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 2.43 ± 0.18 | 0.46 ± 0.02 |
| Val | 2.43 ± 0.22 | 2.41 ± 0.16 | 2.55 ± 0.05 | 2.25 ± 0.05 | 2.48 ± 0.14 | a | 2.39 ± 0.05 | 2.10 ± 0.01 | 2.30 ± 0.05 | a | 2.23 ± 0.15 | 2.16 ± 0.13 | a | 0.024 ± 0.004 | 0.019 ± 0.003 | b | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 2.28 ± 0.19 | 0.31 ± 0.02 |
| Tau | 0.045 ± 0.004 | 0.034 ± 0.004 | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.078 ± 0.002 | 0.0295 ± 0.0005 | a | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.043 ± 0.001 | 0.045 ± 0.001 | a | 0.051 ± 0.003 | 0.035 ± 0.003 | a | 0.306 ± 0.037 | 0.313 ± 0.017 | b | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.035 ± 0.005 | 0.301 ± 0.008 |
| MetS | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.27 ± 0.14 | a | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | a | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | b | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.094 ± 0.003 |
| (Cys)2 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.427 ± 0.004 | a | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.451 ± 0.001 | a | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | a | 0.047 ± 0.004 | 0.053 ± 0.003 | b | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.110 ± 0.001 |
| GABA | 0.059 ± 0.002 | 0.062 ± 0.001 | 0.059 ± 0.002 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.054 ± 0.003 | a | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.083 ± 0.003 | 0.071 ± 0.001 | a | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.063 ± 0.003 | a | <LOQ | 0.003 ± 0.005 | b | 0.014 ± 0.002 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.021 ± 0.001 |
| Orn | 0.027 ± 0.005 | 0.021 ± 0.005 | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 0.021 ± 0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.001 | a | 0.025 ± 0.001 | 0.040 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.01 | a | 0.026 ± 0.001 | 0.026 ± 0.001 | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | a | <LOQ | 0.50 ± 0.04 | 0.028 ± 0.001 |
| NH4+ | 0.76 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.03 | a | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.80 ± 0.01 | b | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | b | 0.034 ± 0.011 | 0.033 ± 0.002 | c | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.174 ± 0.008 |
| Evaluation of protein quality | |||||||||||||||||||
| NEA | 23.50 ± 0.85 | 23.40 ± 0.57 | 24.44 ± 0.26 | 21.58 ± 0.37 | 23.67 ± 0.69 | a | 22.87 ± 0.30 | 21.33 ± 0.04 | 22.61 ± 0.26 | a | 22.36 ± 0.53 | 21.13 ± 0.43 | a | 0.089 ± 0.024 | 0.024 ± 0.004 | b | 4.87 ± 0.28 | 22.21 ± 0.62 | 2.80 ± 0.03 |
| SEA | 4.05 ± 0.35 | 4.09 ± 0.22 | 4.26 ± 0.08 | 3.87 ± 0.12 | 4.06 ± 0.22 | a | 3.97 ± 0.06 | 3.42 ± 0.02 | 3.78 ± 0.10 | a | 3.89 ± 0.20 | 3.54 ± 0.16 | a | 0.012 ± 0.019 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | b | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 3.28 ± 0.20 | 0.41 ± 0.01 |
| EAA | 17.14 ± 0.69 | 16.72 ± 0.43 | 17.43 ± 0.22 | 15.25 ± 0.36 | 17.08 ± 0.44 | a | 17.03 ± 0.16 | 13.40 ± 0.10 | 16.59 ± 0.19 | a | 16.39 ± 0.45 | 15.45 ± 0.34 | a | 0.103 ± 0.020 | 0.045 ± 0.019 | b | 3.45 ± 0.21 | 15.92 ± 0.49 | 1.61 ± 0.05 |
| AAS (%) | 100 ± 1.5 | 94 ± 0.74 | 94 ± 0.22 | 71 ± 0.37 | 94 ± 0.76 | a | 82 ± 0.3 | 59 ± 0.2 | 100 ± 0.3 | a | 88 ± 0.9 | 94 ± 0.6 | a | 6 ± 3.1 | 13 ± 0.02 | b | 29 ± 1.4 | 59 ± 1.1 | 18 ± 0.8 |
| N-factor | 4.87 | 4.72 | 4.76 | 4.75 | 4.62 | a | 4.63 | 4.67 | 4.73 | a | 4.67 | 4.54 | a | 0.71 | 0.42 | b | 4.90 | 4.63 | 4.85 |
AAS, amino acid score; AFA, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae; Ala, alanine; AP, Arthrospira platensis; Arg, arginine; Asp, aspartic acid; CP, Chlorella pyrenoidosa; CV, Chlorella vulgaris; Cys, cysteine; DS, Dunaliella salina; EAA, essential amino acids; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Glu, glutamic acid; Gly, glycine; His, histidine; HP, Haematococcus pluvialis; Ile, isoleucine; Leu, leucine; LOQ, limit of quantification; Met, methionine; MetS, S-adenosylmethionine; NEA, nonessential amino acids; Orn, ornithine; Phe, phenylalanine; Pro, proline; SEA, semi-essential amino acids; Ser, serine; Tau, taurine; TC, Tetraselmis chuii; Thr, threonine; Trp, tryptophan; Tyr, Tyrosine; Val, valine; ◊ different letters indicate significant differences between the microalgae species (p < 0.05; n > 1); LOQ < 0.001; values are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3).