Table 4.
Concentrations of minerals, trace elements, and heavy metals in 14 microalgae powders.
| AP | CP | CV | DS | TC | AFA | HP | LOQ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ◊ | 1 | 2 | 3 | ◊ | 1 | 2 | ◊ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Minerals | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ca | mg/100 g | 4.54 ± 0.41 | 12.5 ± 0.6 | 4227 ± 128 | 809.1 ± 31.2 | 149.1 ± 1.1 | a | 538.6 ± 25.4 | 101.6 ± 1.3 | 148.2 ± 4.6 | a | 87.1 ± 1.3 | 112.2 ± 0.7 | a | 75.7 ± 2.0 | 184.8 ± 6.2 | 183.5 ± 8.8 | 157.2 ± 5.0 | 0.11 |
| Mg | mg/100 g | 4.05 ± 0.05 | 22.4 ± 1.2 | 267.8 ± 10.7 | 228.5 ± 10.6 | 2304 ± 10 | a | 815.1 ± 35.0 | 235.6 ± 3.46 | 282.4 ± 2.5 | b | 286.8 ± 1.4 | 276.3 ± 2.6 | b | 267.2 ± 1.57 | 304.6 ± 15.4 | 294.8 ± 13.6 | 368.1 ± 13.2 | 0.48 |
| Trace elements | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fe | mg/100 g | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 4.96 ± 0.08 | 6.97 ± 0.10 | 49.2 ± 1.4 | 83.5 ± 1.5 | a | 20.7 ± 0.8 | 48.1 ± 0.9 | 21.98 ± 0.04 | a | 54.0 ± 0.7 | 53.1 ± 1.2 | a | 52.7 ± 1.1 | 51.8 ± 1.9 | 110.4 ± 2.5 | 97.2 ± 3.7 | 0.07 |
| Mn | µg/100 g | <LOQ | <LOQ | 3.89 ± 0.11 | <LOQ | 5.14 ± 0.15 | a | 9.13 ± 0.52 | <LOQ | <LOQ | a | <LOQ | <LOQ | a | <LOQ | 5.28 ± 0.25 | 5.67 ± 0.28 | 5.25 ± 0.19 | 3.23 |
| Ni | µg/100 g | 8.04 ± 1.92 | 16.6 ± 0.5 | 47.5 ± 1.5 | 72.9 ± 12.1 | 41.43 ± 0.07 | a | 61.2 ± 1.7 | 71.3 ± 3.2 | 75.4 ± 0.6 | b | 90.2 ± 1.6 | 71.5 ± 1.7 | b | 111.0 ± 7.8 | 13.23 ± 0.78 | 20.3 ± 2.6 | 32.5 ± 1.9 | 2.45 |
| Cu | µg/100 g | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 188.4 ± 4.6 | 575.4 ± 0.4 | 489.4 ± 3.8 | 300.0 ± 8.3 | a | 623.0 ± 13.4 | 56.6 ± 0.2 | 79.9 ± 1.3 | a | 65.3 ± 14.1 | 76.7 ± 5.1 | a | 182.7 ± 0.2 | 521.4 ± 3.8 | 499.4 ± 2.6 | 274.7 ± 18.3 | 5.83 |
| Zn | µg/100 g | <LOQ | 11943 ± 166 | 2404 ± 10 | 351.5 ± 82.6 | 2144 ± 75 | a | 1211 ± 120 | 607.6 ± 4.3 | 1790 ± 14 | a | 1032 ± 38 | 758.0 ± 63 | a | 2106 ± 21 | 2073 ± 99 | 1938 ± 3 | 1610 ± 54 | 39.85 |
| Mo | µg/100 g | 3.06 ± 0.02 | 36.9 ± 0.9 | 66.3 ± 2.0 | 558.8 ± 1.2 | 26.2 ± 0.9 | a | 34.8 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 11.08 ± 0.07 | a | 13.07 ± 0.28 | 11.8 ± 0.7 | a | 16.30 ± 0.02 | 50.9 ± 0.1 | 47.09 ± 0.5 | 27.7 ± 1.3 | 0.14 |
| Se | µg/100 g | <LOQ | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 6.40 ± 0.04 | 7.74 ± 0.22 | a | <LOQ | 7.02 ± 0.65 | 13.2 ± 2.6 | a | 8.90 ± 0.47 | 8.17 ± 0.15 | a | 9.52 ± 0.44 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 6.15 ± 1.31 | 0.20 |
| I | µg/100 g | 273.9 ± 204.7 | 252.2 ± 319.7 | 431.4 ± 75.3 | 195.4 ± 214.9 | 372.8 ± 58.4 | a | 238.5 ± 140.9 | 308.1 ± 32.9 | 280.1 ± 210.8 | a | 211.9 ± 144.3 | 207.7 ± 107.1 | a | 213.9 ± 149.8 | 245.9 ± 288.4 | 173.3 ± 230.7 | 555.2 ± 129.0 | 0.05 |
| Heavy metals | |||||||||||||||||||
| As | µg/100 g | 0.89 ± 0.14 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 49.4 ± 0.7 | 799.2 ± 14.8 | 47.0 ± 1.6 | a | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 70.0 ± 0.7 | 19.4 ± 0.2 | a | 40.5 ± 2.3 | 27.9 ± 0.3 | a | 213.7 ± 3.7 | 55.1 ± 0.5 | 60.37 ± 0.05 | 45.2 ± 1.3 | 0.03 |
| Cd | µg/100 g | 0.54 ± 0.26 | 9.61 ± 1.56 | 2.27 ± 1.91 | 1.96 ± 0.01 | 1.72 ± 0.50 | a | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | 1.64 ± 0.20 | a | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 1.66 ± 0.30 | a | 2.69 ± 0.84 | 0.59 ± 0.16 | 0.58 ± 0.30 | 1.48 ± 0.01 | 0.20 |
| Hg | µg/100 g | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 4.91 ± 1.02 | 3.96 ± 0.11 | a | 0.377 ± 0.001 | 0.59 ± 0.37 | 0.428 ± 0.001 | a | 0.55 ± 0.04 | 0.68 ± 0.07 | a | 1.51 ± 0.43 | 0.40 ± 0.14 | 0.3835 ± 0.0001 | 3.33 ± 0.64 | 0.2 |
| Pb | µg/100 g | 10.9 ± 7.72 | 6.8 ± 8.71 | 22.7 ± 16.06 | 4.25 ± 5.31 | 16.48 ± 10.3 | a | 4.16 ± 5.17 | 32.0 ± 10.7 | 31.1 ± 11.4 | a | 8.92 ± 9.20 | 30.2 ± 11.7 | a | 36.7 ± 18.7 | 5.90 ± 7.64 | 4.98 ± 6.33 | 11.2 ± 9.5 | 0.5 |
AFA, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae; AP, Arthrospira platensis; CP, Chlorella pyrenoidosa; CV, Chlorella vulgaris; DS, Dunaliella salina; HP, Haematococcus pluvialis; TC, Tetraselmis chuii; LOQ, limit of quantification; ◊ different letters indicate significant differences between the microalgae species (p < 0.05; n > 1); values are expressed as means ± SD (n = 2).