Table 5.

Summary of selected studies examining the effects of creatine supplementation on sport performance.

Author Year	Subjects	Duration	Dosing Protocol	Primary Variables	Results	Adverse Events
Grindstaff et al. 1997	18 (7 male, 11 female) junior competitive swimmers	9 days	21 g/day for 9 days	100-m sprint performance arm ergometer performance	↑ sprint swimming performance	None reported
Kreider et al. 1998	25 college football players	28 days	15.75 g/day for 28 days	total work during sprints on a cycle ergometer bench press volume total volume	↑ total work ↑ bench press volume ↑ total volume	None reported
Noonan et al. 1998	39 college football players	9 weeks	20 g/day for 5 days 100 or 300 mg/kg/fat-free mass for 8 weeks	bench press 40-yard dash % body fat fat-free mass vertical jump	↑ bench press ↑ 40-yard dash ↔ % body fat ↔ fat-free mass ↔ vertical jump	None reported
Peyrebrune et al. 1998	14 male college swimmers	5 days	9 g/day for 5 days	single 50-m sprint time repetitive 50-m sprint time	↔ single 50 m sprint time ↑ repetitive 50 m sprint time	None reported
Stout et al. 1999	24 college football players	8 weeks	21 g/day for 5 days 10 g/day thereafter	vertical jump 100-yard dash bench press strength	↑ vertical jump ↑ 100-yard dash ↑ bench press strength	None reported
Jones et al. 1999	8 elite ice hockey players	11 weeks	20 g/day for 5 days 5 g/day for 10 weeks	5 × 15 s skating sprints 6 timed 80-m skating sprints	↑ 5 × 15 s skating sprints ↑ 6 timed 80 m skating sprints	None reported
Kirksey et al. 1999	36 (16 male, 20 female) track and field athletes	6 weeks	0.3 g/kg/day	countermovement vertical jump power and total work during sprints on a cycle ergometer	↑ countermovement vertical jump ↑ peak power ↑ total work on cycle ergometer	None reported
Kreider et al. 1999	61 college football players	12 weeks	20–25 g/day	Bench press strength Bench press endurance Body composition	↑ bench press strength ↑ bench press endurance ↑ body mass ↑ soft tissue lean mass	None reported
Mujika et al. 2000	17 trained soccer players	10 weeks	20 g/day for 5 days 5 g/day for 9 weeks	countermovement jump repeated sprint ability	↔ countermovement jump ↑ repeated sprint ability	None reported
Haff et al. 2000	36 (16 male, 20 female) track and field athletes	6 weeks	0.3 g/kg/day	countermovement vertical jump	↑ countermovement vertical jump	None reported
Skare et al. 2001	18 male competitive sprinters	5 days	20 g/day for 5 days	100-m sprint time total sprint time (6 × 60 m)	↑ 100 m sprint time ↑ total sprint time	None reported
Romer et al. 2001	9 competitive squash players	5 days	0.075 g/kg 4 times for 5 days	single sprint repetitive sprint performance	↔ single sprint ↑ repetitive sprint performance	None reported
Izquierdo et al. 2002	19 male handball players	5 days	20 g/day for 5 days	countermovement vertical jump repetitive sprint performance	↑ countermovement vertical jump ↑ 6 × 15 m sprints	None reported
Cox et al. 2002	12 elite female soccer players	6 days	20 g/day for 6 days	agility kick drill test agility race test repetitive sprint performance BLa	↔ kick drill test ↑ agility run ↑ repetitive sprint performance ↓ BLa	None reported
Lehmkul et al. 2003	29 (17 male, 12 female) track and field athletes	8 weeks	0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days 0.03 g/kg/day for 7 weeks.	average and peak power during repeated sprints on a cycle ergometer	↔ static vertical jump ↔ countermovement vertical jump ↔ average power ↔ peak power	None reported
Delecluse et al. 2003	12 (7 male, 5 female competitive sprinters	7 days	0.35 g/day for 7 days	single 40-m sprint repeated 40-m sprints	↔ single 40 m sprint ↔ repeated 40 m sprints	None reported
Kocak et al. 2003	20 elite male wrestlers	5 days	20 g/day for 5 days	average and peak power during Wingate anaerobic power test	↑ average power ↑ peak power	None reported
Ostojic et al. 2004	20 young male soccer players	7 days	30 g/day for 7 days	dribbling test sprint power countermovement jump	↑ dribbling test ↑ sprint power ↑ countermovement vertical jump	None reported
Pluim et al. 2006	36 competitive tennis players	32 days	0.3 g/day for 6 days 0.03 g/day for 28 days	serve velocity groundstroke velocity repetitive sprints	↔ serve velocity ↔ groundstroke velocity ↔ repetitive sprints	None reported
Glaister et al. 2006	42 active males	5 days	20 g/day for 5 days	repetitive sprint performance	↔ repetitive sprint performance	None reported
Lamontagne-Lacasse et al. 2011	12 elite male volleyball players	28 days	20 g/day in days 1–4 10 g/day in days 5–6 5 g/day in days 7–28	repeated block jump spike jump	↔ repeated block jump ↔ spike jump	None reported
Ramierz-Campillo et al. 2016	30 amateur female soccer players	6 weeks	20 g/day for 7 days 5 g/day for 5 weeks	jump test repeated sprinting directional change	↑ jump test ↑ repeated sprinting ↔ directional change	None reported

BLa = blood lactate; CR or no identifier = creatine monohydrate; BLa = blood lactate; ↓ indicates decrease; ↑ indicates increase; ↔ indicates no difference.