Table 1.

Antioxidant mechanisms are involved in the pharmacological effects of currently used antihypertensive drugs.

Group: Drugs	Major Antioxidant Mechanism	Reference
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: Enalapril Benazepril	Free radical scavenging NADPH oxidase inhibition Decreased ROS generation Increased NO bioavailability Increased SOD activity	de Cavanagh et al., 2011 [32] Deoghare and Kantharia, 2013 [33] Chandran et al., 2014 [34] Yusoff et al., 2017 [35]
Angiotensin receptor Antagonists: Losartan Telmisaran	NADPH oxidase down-regulation Decreased ROS Increased NO bioavailability	Chopra et al., 1990 [36] Schiffrin et al., 2010 [37] Cameron et al., 2016 [38] Donnarumma et al., 2016 [39]
Novel beta Blockers: Carvedilol Nebivolol	Increased NO bioavailability NADPH oxidase inhibition Reduced lipid peroxidation Reduced leukocyte ROS production	Bowman et al., 1994 [40] Mollnau et al., 2003 [41] Münzel et al., 2009 [42] Zepeda et al., 2012 [43]
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Nifedipine Benidipine	Decreased ROS NADPH oxidase inhibition Reduced lipid peroxidation	Lupo et al., 1994 [44] Brovkovych et al., 2001 [45] Virdis et al., 2011 [46] Mason 2012 [47]

ACEIs, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase.