Table 3.

Risks of metabolic syndrome in children of SA ethnicity.

References	Findings in SAs
Insulin Resistance
Whincup PH et al. [54]	Insulin resistance is more prevalent among SAs than among Caucasian children, at as early as 10 years of age
Yajnik C S et al. [55]	Hyperinsulinemia, an insulin-resistant phenotype, can be present at birth in SA infants
Ehtisham S et al. [15]	46% of SA adolescents in the UK and 2% of European adolescents have a parent with diabetes 23% of the SA adolescents show signs of insulin resistance; this was not noted in their European counterparts
Sletner L et al. [36]	Prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst SA adults in the US was found to be 14.3%, which was the highest of level in all other immigrants in the US
Lipid Abnormalities
Vuksan V et al. [56]	62% of SA adolescents had at least one disordered feature of metabolic syndrome whereas this was seen in only 49% of European adolescents
Cardiovascular Outcomes
Gupta R et al. [58,59,60,61]	Prevalence of coronary heart disease is higher amongst SAs, and its manifestation can be seen as much as 10 years earlier than in other ethnic groups [59]
Tillin T et al. [60]	Adverse effects of hyperglycemia on left ventricular function are more severe in SAs [60]
Chahal NS et al. [61]	Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy is three times higher and a greater degree of concentric remodeling is evident in SAs compared to British adults even after adjusting for BMI, lean body mass, and height [61]