Table 2.
Characteristics of the randomized controlled trials included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.
| Author, | Participants | Intervention | Comparison | Duration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | |||||
| Tieland, 2012 |
65 frail elderly | 15 g protein, bid | Placebo | 24 wk | HG--, chair rise--, 4 m gait speed--, SPPB↑ |
| Chale, | 80 adult aged 70–85 years | 40 g whey protein/day | Isocaloric control |
6 mo | SPPB-- |
| 2013 | |||||
| Stout, 2013 |
43 male or female aged ≥65 years | 3 g HMB/day | Placebo | 24 wk | HG-- |
| 36 male or female aged ≥65 years | 3 g HMB/day | Placebo | 24 wk | HG↑ | |
| with resistance exercise | |||||
| Berton, 2015 |
65 healthy women | 1.5 g HMB/day | Control | 8 wk | SMI--, HG--, chair stand--, |
| 4-m gait speed, SPPB↑ | |||||
| Kemmler, 2016 |
50 women aged ≥70 years with sarcopenic obesity | 40 g protein/day | Control | 6 mo | SMI--, HG-- |
| Mori, | 50 women aged 65–80 years | 22.3 g protein/day | Control | 24 wk | SMI--, HG-- |
| 2018 | |||||
| Amasene, 2019 |
28 participants aged >70 years, | 20 g whey protein/day | Placebo | 12 wk | SPPB-- |
| Bjorkman, 2019 |
146 older persons (>74 years of age) with sarcopenia |
20 g protein, bid |
Placebo | 12 mo | SMI--, HG--, SPPB-- |
| ten Haaf, 2019 |
114 adults aged 67–73 years | 36.8 g milk protein |
Placebo | 12 wk | HG--, chair stand--, 4 m gait speed--, |
| Nilsson, 2020 |
32 male aged ≥65 years | 24 g whey protein/day | Placebo | 12 wk | SMI↑, HG↑, chair rise--, 4 m gait speed↑, SPPB-- |
| Rondanelli, | 127 adults aged ≥65 years with sarcopenia | 20 g whey protein, b.i.d. | Placebo | 8 wk | SMI--, HG↑, chair rise↑, SPPB↑ |
| 2020 | |||||
| Yamamoto, 2021 |
36 patients aged 70–79 years with type 2 DM | 3 g protein, b.i.d. | Control | 48 wk | HG-- |
The sign “--” and “↑” mean “no significantly change” and “significantly increase”.