Table 2.
Comparison of serum amino acids and amino acid derivatives concentration between VAKI group and non-VAKI group.
| Parameters | VAKI | Non-VAKI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (μmol/mL) | Total Non-VAKI | p-Value a | Infection | p-Value a | CKD | p-Value a | HC | p-Value a | |
| Alanine | 417.3 (324.0–487.3) | 296.0 (207.5–393.3) | 0.002 | 290.6 (241.5–529.9) | N.S | 201.2 (141.7–267.2) | <0.001 | 371.7 (339.4–420.3) | N.S |
| Beta-alanine | 2.1 (1.4–2.9) | 4.7 (2.4–7.2) | <0.001 | 7.3 (6.2–8.6) | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.4–6.5) | 0.01 | 2.4 (1.9–4.7) | N.S |
| Anserine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.0–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.6 (0.0–0.9) | <0.001 |
| Aminoadipic acid | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.6 (0.0–1.1) | N.S | 0.6 (0.0–1.0) | N.S | 0.7 (0.0–1.1) | N.S | 0.5 (0.0.–0.9) | N.S |
| Alpha-aminobutyric acid | 10.2 (8.2–13.4) | 13.5 (8.5–17.9) | 0.05 | 14.9 (11.4–19.1) | 0.002 | 6.4 (3.9–11.5) | 0.037 | 16.6 (11.7–20.0) | <0.001 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | <0.001 |
| Beta-aminoisobutyric acid | 2.8 (1.4–4.8) | 0.7 (0.0–2.3) | 0.002 | 0.5 (0.0–1.7) | 0.001 | 2.6 (0.0–9.8) | N.S | 0.7 (0.0–1.1) | <0.001 |
| Arginine | 72.8 (59.2–84.2) | 61.9 (37.3–95.0) | N.S | 62.0 (40.6–143.2) | N.S | 37.3 (23.2–59.1) | <0.001 | 73.7 (59.4–117.9) | N.S |
| Asparagine | 29.5 (23.7–34.9) | 28.2 (19.4–36.3) | N.S | 30.1 (20.4–43.0) | N.S | 19.4 (13.0–33.5) | 0.011 | 30.5 (23.2–36.5) | N.S |
| Aspartic acid | 11.3 (8.5–16.4) | 19.6 (11.3–36.0) | 0.01 | 24.2 (19.0–41.6) | <0.001 | 11.8 (9.1–37.3) | N.S | 15.3 (10.4–32.6) | N.S |
| Carnosine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.024 | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 0.017 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.039 |
| Citrulline | 35.0 (29.3–39.4) | 20.9 (13.2–30.5) | <0.001 | 17.6 (11.2–39.5) | 0.002 | 14.1 (9.8–22.0) | <0.001 | 27.4 (22.4–33.0) | 0.007 |
| Cystathionine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.8 (0.0–1.6) | 0.002 | 0.6 (0.0–0.5) | N.S |
| Cystine | 3.7 (1.9–8.1) | 5.6 (2.0–13.0) | N.S | 11.4 (7.8–13.5) | <0.001 | 10.4 (5.2–29.4) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.0–2.0) | <0.001 |
| Ethanolamine | 5.8 (4.8–6.6) | 9.1 (5.5–11.9) | 0.037 | 8.9 (7.0–11.6) | 0.01 | 5.5 (3.4–10.3) | N.S | 10.9 (6.7–15.4) | 0.003 |
| Glutamic acid | 54.1 (39.8–76.9) | 82.2 (54.1–114.5) | 0.016 | 100.4 (72.5–158.6) | 0.002 | 58.9 (35.6–113.1) | N.S | 72.0 (56.4–99.6) | 0.034 |
| Glutamine | 313 | 257.5 | N.S | 232.6 | 0.022 | 140.5 | <0.001 | 382.3 | 0.028 |
| (275.1–370.9) | (145.1–378.5) | (170.5–326.9) | (97.4–244.7) | (298.5–570.1) | |||||
| Glycine | 136 | 142.7 | N.S | 149.7 | N.S | 110.3 | 0.043 | 165.9 | N.S |
| (117.2–198.9) | (119.8–266.4) | (125.4–267.9) | (98.4–244.7) | (133.3–288.5) | |||||
| Histidine | 34.9 (32.1–38.6) | 40.2 (29.4–57.7) | N.S | 37.1 (28.2–54.3) | N.S | 35.7 (17.3–46.6) | N.S | 47.0 (37.7–80.2) | 0.001 |
| Homocysteine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S |
| Dehydroxylysine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S |
| Hydroxyproline | 7.6 (5.4–10.4) | 6.1 (3.9–9.4) | N.S | 6.6 (3.9–9.4) | N.S | 6.1 (3.1–14.9) | N.S | 5.2 (4.4–8.8) | N.S |
| Isoleucine) | 32.0 (25.8–39.0) | 35.2 (25.5–51.5) | N.S | 41.0 (31.1–59.0) | 0.041 | 24.4 (16.4–40.7) | N.S | 37.9 (29.2–53.1) | N.S |
| Leucine | 80.2 (59.3–99.1) | 93.8 (72.1–137.3) | N.S | 103.1 (87.4–140.8) | 0.015 | 53.1 (34.5–105.9) | N.S | 106.7 (81.6–147.4) | 0.006 |
| Lysine | 99.2 (83.1–114.8) | 122.2 (78.2–157.5) | N.S | 122.2 (83.7–170.2) | N.S | 73.1 (46.0–127.1) | N.S | 131.1 | 0.001 |
| (105.5–185.6) | |||||||||
| Methionine | 6.0 (5.1–8.9) | 16.1 (7.2–29.7) | 0.002 | 9.3 (5.9–15.9) | N.S | 8.0 (4.6–15.9) | N.S | 34.7 (26.9–40.0) | <0.001 |
| 1-methylhistidine | 7.4 (5.9–9.9) | 9.2 (6.2–12.6) | N.S | 13.6 (10.1–14.9) | <0.001 | 6.3 (4.1–10.1) | N.S | 8.8 (6.2–10.3) | N.S |
| 3-methylhistidine | 4.8 (4.0–7.2) | 3.4 (1.6–6.8) | 0.024 | 1.7 (0.9–10.7) | 0.018 | 5.7 (4.2–12.3) | N.S | 2.1 (1.6–4.3) | <0.001 |
| Ornithine | 48.9 (38.5–77.1) | 53.7 (40.9–92.6) | N.S | 88.4 (51.3–117.3) | 0.039 | 51.9 (35.7–90.3) | N.S | 49.8 (42.5–69.9) | N.S |
| Phenylalanine | 51.5 (46.2–67.7) | 64.6 (47.0–87.6) | N.S | 76.4 (55.5–100.3) | 0.003 | 65.4 (40.9–104.7) | N.S | 54.9 (37.2–82.4) | N.S |
| O-phosphoethanolamine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S |
| O-phosphoserine | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 3.0 (1.7–4.6) | <0.001 | 3.8 (1.9–.5.1) | 0.002 | 2.4 (1.8–3.5) | 0.009 | 3.4 (1.6–8.3) | 0.002 |
| Proline | 97.7 (76.9–127.9) | 83.3 (49.3–129.9) | N.S | 89.5 (86.7–141.9) | N.S | 53.2 (44.4–106.1) | 0.013 | 74.9 (57.1–169.0) | N.S |
| Sarcosine | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.6 (0.0–0.8) | N.S | 0.6 (0.0–1.2) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | N.S | 0.6 (0.0–0.8) | N.S |
| Serine | 78.2 (69.2–93.9) | 88.0 (70.1–138.7) | N.S | 100.3 (86.7–141.9) | 0.01 | 63.3 (40.8–82.7) | 0.021 | 111.0 (75.1–1843.4) | 0.009 |
| Taurine | 40.6 (32.6–50.4) | 65.2 (34.7–99.3) | 0.02 | 69.8 (39.9–109.3) | N.S | 34.7 (29.1–73.9) | N.S | 81.0 (60.8–127.1) | <0.001 |
| Threonine | 66.2 (52.9–80.8) | 59.0 (40.7–89.4) | N.S | 64.6 (46.0–114.2) | N.S | 38.1 (30.4–63.9) | 0.001 | 59.8 (50.3–118.3) | N.S |
| Tryptophan | 21.0 (17.6–24.6) | 25.0 (13.0–36.9) | N.S | 18.9 (12.2–37.0) | N.S | 14.3 (10.8–27.2) | N.S | 35.4 (25.0–47.8) | <0.001 |
| Tyrosine | 34.1 (26.7–37.2) | 39.1 (26.9–57.9) | N.S | 36.4 (25.2–37.0) | N.S | 37.2 (18.4–54.4) | N.S | 41.7 (25.0–48.6) | 0.011 |
| Valine | 129.3 | 142.1 | N.S | 178.1 | 0.034 | 91.9 (51.4–140.8) | 0.009 | 156.9 | 0.014 |
| (114.9–160.5) | (101.3–220.3) | (138.0–222.2) | (125.5–256.8) | ||||||
| Argininosuccinic acid | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.1) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.0–1.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.002 | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | <0.001 |
| Homocitrulline | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | <0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.001 | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | <0.001 |
| All-isoleucine | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.003 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | N.S | 0.0 (0.0–0.9) | 0.007 | 0.8 (0.0–1.4) | <0.001 |
Notes: a Each p value was calculated using Mann–Whitey U test, compared to VAKI group. Abbreviations: VAKI, vancomycin associated acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HC, healthy control.