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. 2021 May 30;10(6):488. doi: 10.3390/biology10060488

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Treatment with rapamycin altered the expression of autophagy-associated proteins. (A) Representative western blots of autophagy-related genes are expressed: mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ATG, autophagry-related protein; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; VPS 34, vacuolar protein sorting 34. (B) Protein expressions of autophagy-associated proteins were quantified against ß-actin. Results were normalized to the control group (100%). The protein level of autophagy-related genes was significantly increased in the ketamine+rapamycin group. However, this level was significantly decreased in the ketamine+wortmannin group. Values were presented as the mean ± SD, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 versus control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 versus ketamine group.