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. 2021 Jun 9;22(12):6220. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126220

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemical structures of common oxidative DNA lesions. (A) Guanine oxidation products. Products of two-electron guanine oxidation are 8-oxo-7,8-dehydroguanine (8-oxoG) and 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih). Four-electron guanine oxidation products are 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), 2,5-diamino-4H-imidazol-4-one (Iz), and 2,2,4-triamino-5(2H)-oxazolone (Oz). (B) Formation of 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine (cyclic guanosine, cdG) through hydroxyl radical (HO•) oxidation under hypoxic conditions.