Table 1.
Effect of different fungicides on mycelial growth of P. variotii at different doses (D1-D4). Mean values (± standard deviation) followed by different letters (line) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by the least significant difference test (LSD). Fungicide action mechanisms (blue numbers): (1) Cytoskeleton and motor proteins, (2) Signal transduction, (3) Sterol biosynthesis in membranas, (4) Amino acids and protein synthesis, (5) Respiration, (6) Lipid synthesis or transport / membrane integrity or function, (7) Chemicals with multi-site activity, (8) Host plant defence induction, (9) Unknown mode of action, (10) Nucleic acids metabolism, and (11) Cell wall biosynthesis.
| Doses (ppm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 (0.5 × D2) | D2 | D3 | D4 (1.5 × D3) | |||||||
| FUNGICIDE-ACTION MECHANISMS | D2 | D3 | Growth | Inhib. | Growth | Inhib. | Growth | Inhib. | Growth | Inhib. |
| Thiophanate-methyl 70% (WP) w/w- (1) | 500 | 1000 | 27.8 ± 2.8 a | 60.1% | 13.6 ± 1.7 b | 80.5% | 11.8 ± 1.9 b | 83.0% | 12.6 ± 1.5 b | 81.9% |
| Diethofencarb 25% (WP) w/w- (1) | 1000 | 1500 | 42.4 ± 2.3 a | 41.4% | 44.6 ± 1.3 a | 38.4% | 32.8 ± 2.9 b | 54.7% | 18.2 ± 1.3 c | 74.9% |
| Pencycuron 25% (SC) w/v- (1) | 5000 | 8000 | 58.2 ± 5.8 a | 19.6% | 60.8 ± 4.8 a | 16.0% | 59.2 ± 3.3 a | 18.2% | 63.2 ± 1.6 a | 12.7% |
| Iprodione 50% (SC) w/v- (2) | 1000 | 1500 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Flutriafol 12.5% (SC) w/v- (3) | 2000 | 2500 | 13.5 ± 0.4 a | 78.1% | 12.6 ± 2.1 a | 79.5% | 12.2 ± 1.1 a | 80.2% | 11.8 ± 1.6 a | 80.8% |
| Triadimenol 25% (EC) w/v- (3) | 250 | 500 | 61 ± 8.6 a | 1.0% | 36.8 ± 6 b | 40.3% | 26.8 ± 3 c | 56.5% | 29 ± 1.9 c | 52.9% |
| Myclobutanil 24% (EC) w/v- (3) | 200 | 400 | 17.6 ± 2.4 a | 71.4% | 16 ± 1 a | 74.0% | 15.4 ± 1.1 a,b | 75.0% | 13.2 ± 1.6 b | 78.6% |
| Tetraconazole 12.5% (ME) w/v- (3) | 200 | 400 | 21 ± 1.6 a | 68.7% | 4.4 ± 1.3 b | 93.4% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% |
| Fenhexamid 50% (WG) w/w- (3) | 1500 | 2000 | 14 ± 2.1 a | 77.3% | 9.2 ± 0.4 a | 85.1% | 3 ± 0.7 b | 95.1% | 3.7 ± 0.7 c | 94.0% |
| Pyrimethanil 40% (SC) P/V- (4) | 1500 | 2000 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Azoxystrobin 25% (SC) w/v- (5) | 800 | 1000 | 22.2 ± 3.2 a | 64.0% | 18 ± 2.2 a | 70.8% | 19.4 ± 1.5 a | 68.5% | 19.2 ± 2.8 a | 68.8% |
| Kresoxim-methyl 50% (WG) w/w- (5) | 200 | 500 | 31 ± 1.6 a | 53.7% | 31.4 ± 0.5 a | 53.1% | 26.8 ± 4.9 b | 60.0% | 28 ± 2.1 a,b | 58.2% |
| Etridiazole 48% (EC) w/v- (6) | 2000 | 3000 | 5.6 ± 0.9 a | 92.3% | 1.6 ± 0.5 b | 97.8% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% |
| Propamocarb 60.5% (SL) w/v- (6) | 2500 | 5000 | 56.4 ± 4.9 a | 22.1% | 62.8 ± 6.6 a | 13.3% | 59.2 ± 3.3 a | 18.2% | 64.4 ± 2.5 a | 11.0% |
| Copper hydroxide 35% (WG) w/w- (7) | 2000 | 3000 | 29.2 ± 2.2 a | 52.6% | 20.4 ± 0.9 b | 66.9% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 c | 100.0% |
| Copper oxychloride 38% (SC) w/v- (7) | 2000 | 3000 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Mancozeb 80% (WG) w/w- (7) | 2000 | 3000 | 6 ± 1.2 a | 90.3% | 4 ± 0.7 b | 93.5% | 2.6 ± 0.9 c | 95.8% | 2.2 ± 0.4 c | 96.4% |
| Chlorothalonil 50% (SC) w/v- (7) | 2500 | 3000 | 13.6 ± 1.8 a | 77.9% | 13.4 ± 1.8 a | 78.2% | 15.2 ± 1.8 a | 75.3% | 15.4 ± 1.5 a | 75.0% |
| Fosetyl-AL 80% (WG) w/w- (8) | 2500 | 3000 | 52.4 ± 1.8 a | 14.9% | 41.8 ± 1.3 b | 32.1% | 39.2 ± 2.5 c | 36.4% | 35.4 ± 1.8 d | 42.5% |
| Cymoxanil 60% (WG) w/w- (9) | 200 | 300 | 36.2 ± 4 a | 46.0% | 16.2 ± 0.8 b,c | 75.8% | 17 ± 1.6 b | 74.6% | 13.2 ± 1.6 c | 80.3% |
| Cyprodinil 37.5% + Fludioxonil 25% (WG) w/w- (4 + 2) | 600 | 1000 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Folpet 40% + Metalaxyl-M 10% (WP) w/w- (7 + 10) | 2000 | 2500 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Dimethomorph 7.5% + Mancozeb 66.7% (WG) w/w- (11 + 7) | 2000 | 3000 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |
| Benalaxil 6% + Cymoxanil 3.2% + Mancozeb 40% (WP) w/w- (10 + 9 + 7) | 2500 | 3500 | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% | 0 ± 0 a | 100.0% |