. 2021 May 27;10(6):642. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060642

Table 1.

Liver-like models applied in preclinical studies of human malaria.

Models		Infection Rate (%) Based on		Merozoites		Hypnozoites ^† (dpi)	Applications	References
Models		Sporozoites *	Hepatocytes	Detection (dpi)	Infectivity	Hypnozoites ^† (dpi)	Applications	References
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines	HepG2-A16	0.0001 (P.v.)	N/A	9	N/A	Yes (5–15)	Development	[13]
	HepG2-A16	0.4–2.5 (P.f.)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Sporozoite invasion	[15]
	HHS-102	N/A	0.009 (P.f.)	12–13	Yes	Not applicable	Development	[14]
Primary human hepatocytes	Mazier et al., 1985	N/A	N/A	12–13	Yes	Not applicable	Development	[16]
	March et al., 2013	0.03 (P.f.) 0.013 (P.v.)	0.18 (P.f.)	6–10	Yes (P.f.)	Yes (up to 21)	Development Vaccination Drug testing and screening	[17]
	Roth et al., 2018	0.6–2 (P.f.) 2–8.3 (P.v.)	N/A	7–8 (P.f.) 9–11 (P.v.)	Yes	Yes (6–8)	Development Sporozoite invasion Drug testing and screening	[18]
Immortalized cells	HC-04	N/A	0.066 (P.f.) 0.041 (P.v.)	7 (P.f.) 10 (P.v.)	Yes Yes	Yes (28)	Development Sporozoite invasion	[19] [20]
Immortalized cells	imHC	0.14 ± 0.16 (P.v.)	N/A	10 (P.v.)	N/A	Yes (14)	Development Drug testing	[21]
Pluripotent stem cells	Hepatocytes	N/A	N/A	6 (P.f.) 8 (P.v.)	N/A	N/A	Development Drug testing	[22]

* Number of sporozoite-infected hepatocytes/total number of viable, inoculated sporozoites. ^† Nondividing, small-form parasites presumably recognized as hypnozoites. Dpi, day post inoculation; N/A, not determined; P.f., P. falciparum; P.v., P. vivax.