Table 3.
Trends in the daily energy and macronutrient composition by region, gender and age group from CHNS round, 1991–2015 1–4.
| Urban | Rural | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
| 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | |
| 6 to 11 years | ||||||||||||||||
| Energy(k kcal/day) | 1.9(0.1) | 1.8(0.1) | 1.6(0.1) | <0.001 | 1.8(0.1) | 1.6(0.1) | 1.5(0.1) | <0.001 | 2.0(0.1) | 1.7(0.1) | 1.5(0.1) | <0.001 | 1.9(0.1) | 1.5(0.1) | 1.4(0.1) | <0.001 |
| Fat(g/day) | 56.0(2.2) | 62.2(3.8) | 63.9(2.5) | <0.001 | 56.8(2.6) | 58.6(3.3) | 66.0(2.9) | <0.001 | 46.1(1.3) | 51.4(1.7) | 59.2(1.7) | <0.001 | 43.7(1.3) | 44.0(1.7) | 57.9(1.6) | <0.001 |
| Protein(g/day) | 58.7(1.3) | 58.3(2.8) | 51.7(1.4) | <0.001 | 53.6(1.2) | 52.1(1.8) | 50.9(2.0) | <0.001 | 57.8(0.8) | 51.4(1.1) | 44.6(0.9) | <0.001 | 55.5(0.8) | 44.5(1.1) | 43.4(1.0) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(g/day) | 293.1(5.1) | 244.1(2.2) | 197.8(2.2) | <0.001 | 268.9(6.2) | 218.8(7.5) | 190.0(8.6) | <0.001 | 343.7(4.3) | 257.8(5.2) | 191.9(4.9) | <0.001 | 327.3(4.5) | 230.1(4.7) | 185.6(4.9) | <0.001 |
| Fat(En%) | 27.2(0.8) | 33.2(1.5) | 36.7(0.7) | <0.001 | 29.2(0.8) | 33.3(1.3) | 37.8(0.8) | <0.001 | 21.5(0.5) | 26.2(0.6) | 35.7(0.6) | <0.001 | 21.6(1.5) | 25.1(0.7) | 36.0(0.6) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(En%) | 59.9(0.8) | 53.8(1.5) | 49.9(0.8) | <0.001 | 58.1(0.8) | 53.5(1.3) | 48.9(0.8) | <0.001 | 66.3(0.5) | 61.5(0.6) | 51.9(0.6) | <0.001 | 65.9(0.5) | 62.8(0.7) | 51.6(0.6) | <0.001 |
| 12 to 17 years | ||||||||||||||||
| Energy(k kcal/day) | 2.6(0.1) | 2.2(0.1) | 2.0(0.1) | <0.001 | 2.2(0.1) | 1.9(0.1) | 1.7(0.1) | <0.001 | 2.6(0.1) | 2.2(0.1) | 1.9(0.1) | <0.001 | 2.4(0.1) | 1.8(0.1) | 1.7(0.1) | <0.001 |
| Fat(g/day) | 76.1(3.8) | 78.7(3.6) | 80.1(3.5) | <0.001 | 62.4(3.1) | 68.4(3.2) | 66.4(3.3) | <0.001 | 54.6(1.4) | 63.9(2.0) | 71.8(2.6) | <0.001 | 50.4(1.4) | 56.1(1.8) | 64.6(1.3) | <0.001 |
| Protein(g/day) | 75.8(1.5) | 73.9(2.6) | 65.8(1.9) | <0.001 | 64.8(1.5) | 65.8(3.2) | 57.5(2.5) | <0.001 | 73.9(1.0) | 65.3(1.3) | 56.4(1.5) | <0.001 | 67.9(0.9) | 54.1(1.0) | 49.3(1.3) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(g/day) | 395.3(7.1) | 310.8(8.1) | 252.0(8.0) | <0.001 | 337.3(6.5) | 265.1(7.0) | 215.4(1.5) | <0.001 | 462.9(6.2) | 366.7(5.5) | 245.2(7.3) | <0.001 | 417.1(5.2) | 276.1(4.3) | 226.2(7.5) | <0.001 |
| Fat(En%) | 26.4(0.8) | 30.7(0.9) | 35.6(0.9) | <0.001 | 25.1(0.8) | 29.8(1.0) | 35.1(1.1) | <0.001 | 22.1(0.5) | 26.0(0.7) | 34.7(0.8) | <0.001 | 20.7(0.5) | 25.9(0.7) | 34.1(0.9) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(En%) | 61.1(0.8) | 56.2(0.9) | 51.3(0.9) | <0.001 | 62.2(0.8) | 56.8(0.9) | 51.0(1.0) | <0.001 | 65.9(0.5) | 61.9(0.7) | 52.8(0.8) | <0.001 | 67.2(0.5) | 62.0(0.7) | 53.6(0.8) | <0.001 |
1 Mean percentage ± standard error (SE). 2 CHNS, China health and nutrition survey. En%, % of energy. 3 Values adjusted for BMI and PA of children and household characteristics.4 Significant trends in each sub-group across all survey years. A significant increase in the proportion of children with more than 30% of energy from fat and less than 50% of energy from carbohydrates were observed in this study (p < 0.001). In 2015, the proportion of children aged 6 to 17 years with higher fat intake and lower carbohydrate intakes compared with the DRI were 64.7% and 46.8%, respectively. Specifically, from 1991 to 2015, the proportion with higher fat intake increased from 34.3 % to 69.8 % in urban children, and increased from 18.9 % to 62.8% in rural children, respectively. Meanwhile, the proportion with lower carbohydrate intake increased from 18.6 % to 51.0 % in urban children, and from 8.6 % to 45.2% in rural children, respectively. As seen from Figure 1, urban children aged 6 to 11 years had the highest proportion who consumed more than 30% of energy from fat (69.7% in boys and 74.7% in girls) in 2015.