Table 4.
Trends of the urban–rural disparities in the daily energy and macronutrient composition by gender and age group from CHNS round, 1991~2015 1–5.
| Boys | Girls | Overall | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | 1991 | 2004 | 2015 | p-Trend | |
| 6 to 11 years | ||||||||||||
| Energy(kcal/day) | −109.0(4.5) | 69.6(7.4) | 91.1(5.6) | <0.001 | −122.5(4.4) | 116.9(5.3) | 123.1(1.6) | 0.001 | −102.2(3.5) | 103.9(4.4) | 113.2(3.5) | <0.001 |
| Fat(g/day) | 9.9(2.5) | 8.8(0.8) | 5.7(0.3) | <0.001 | 11.1(2.3) | 10.6(3.0) | 7.2(0.7) | 0.001 | 11.8(0.7) | 10.3(0.4) | 6.6(1.9) | <0.001 |
| Protein(g/day) | 1.0(0.1) | 6.9(2.6) | 7.1(0.7) | <0.001 | 0.9(1.4) | 7.2(1.8) | 7.7(0.7) | 0.001 | 0.9(0.1) | 7.1(1.5) | 7.5(1.2) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(g/day) | −50.6(1.1) | −13.7(1.1) | −5.9(0.7) | <0.001 | −58.3(1.8) | −11.2(1.0) | −4.7(0.9) | 0.001 | −52.2(2.6) | −11.4(1.1) | −5.2(0.9) | <0.001 |
| Fat(En%) | 5.7(0.9) | 5.0(0.5) | 0.9(0.1) | <0.001 | 6.6(0.9) | 6.2(1.3) | 1.8(0.9) | 0.001 | 6.6(0.6) | 5.7(1.0) | 1.3(0.1) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(En%) | −6.5(0.9) | −5.8(1.5) | −2.0(0.9) | <0.001 | −7.8(0.9) | −7.3(1.3) | −2.7(0.9) | 0.001 | −7.1(0.6) | −6.7(1.0) | −2.3(0.1) | <0.001 |
| 12 to 17 years | ||||||||||||
| Energy(kcal/day) | −70.4(6.1) | 63.8(4.4) | 126.5(1.0) | <0.001 | −123.4(3.1) | 73.2(4.7) | 116.6(0.4) | 0.001 | −92.0(3.9) | 68.8(4.1) | 122.3(5.5) | <0.001 |
| Fat(g/day) | 21.5(3.2) | 14.8(2.8) | 8.3(2.2) | <0.001 | 12.0(2.7) | 12.3(3.1) | 6.7(0.1) | 0.001 | 17.8(2.1) | 13.2(2.4) | 7.4(1.1) | <0.001 |
| Protein(g/day) | 1.9(0.1) | 6.6(0.6) | 7.4(2.2) | <0.001 | 3.0(0.7) | 7.7(2.1) | 8.3(2.2) | 0.001 | 2.8(0.3) | 6.8(0.7) | 7.7(0.6) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(g/day) | −67.5(1.1) | −25.9(0.7) | −6.7(1.0) | <0.001 | −59.8(1.7) | −11.0(1.2) | −4.8(1.2) | 0.001 | −63.9(0.2) | −7.3(0.6) | −5.4(0.9) | <0.001 |
| Fat(En%) | 4.9(0.1) | 4.4(0.2) | 0.9(0.2) | <0.001 | 4.4(0.9) | 3.8(0.1) | 1.1(0.1) | 0.001 | 4.6(0.6) | 4.3(1.8) | 1.1(0.9) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate(En%) | −5.1(0.9) | −4.7(1.1) | −2.1(0.2) | <0.001 | −5.3(0.9) | −5.2(1.1) | −2.6(0.3) | 0.001 | −5.2(0.6) | −5.0(0.8) | −2.2(0.9) | <0.001 |
1 Mean percentage ± standard error (SE). 2 CHNS, China health and nutrition survey. En%, % of energy. 3 Values adjusted for BMI and PA of children and household characteristics. 4 Significant trends in each sub-group across all survey years. 5 Negative number means urban is smaller than rural. Comparison of the change values of urban–rural differences in dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate intake in each two rounds of surveys were presented in Figure 2. Generally, the variation of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake between urban and rural areas was greater in the former two rounds (2004 vs. 1991) than in the latter two rounds (2015 vs. 2004), while the variation in fat intake among children aged 6 to 11 years was the opposite (p < 0.001). The average variation of dietary protein and carbohydrate intake decreased from 9.5 g/day and 32.8 g/day in the former two rounds to 1.1 g/day and 13.7 g/day in the latter two rounds, respectively. Meanwhile, the variation of urban-rural disparities in dietary fat intake increased from 1.1 g/day to 3.1 g/day among boys and from 0.5 g/day to 3.4 g/day among girls aged 6 to 11 years, respectively.