Table 2.
Pooled estimates of treatment effect on glycemic control in subgroups of trials.
| FBG (mmol/L) | FI (pmol/L) | HbA1c (%) | HOMA-IR (%) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | N | WMD (95% CI) |
p | I2 (%) | n | N | WMD (95% CI) |
p | I2 (%) | n | N | WMD (95% CI) |
p | I2 (%) | n | N | WMD (95% CI) |
p | I2 (%) |
| Overall effects | 9 | 721 | −0.30 (−0.85, 0.24) |
0.2279 | 85.66 | 8 | 680 | −3.40 (−10.77, 3.97) |
0.3661 | 37.43 | 6 | 416 | −0.80 (−1.85, 0.25) |
0.1341 | 96.25 | 6 | 440 | −0.07 (−0.54, 0.41) |
0.7857 | 22.52 |
| Study design | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Parallel groups | 5 | 507 | −0.50 (−1.34, 0.33) |
0.2379 | 92.12 | 4 | 466 | −4.54 (−12.83, 3.75) |
0.2831 | 42.98 | 2 | 226 | −2.47 (−7.07, 2.12) |
0.2916 | 99.06 | 3 | 266 | 0.04 (−0.63, 0.72) |
0.8977 | 43.73 |
| Cross-over | 4 | 214 | 0.04 (−0.36, 0.44) |
0.8527 | <0.01 | 4 | 214 | −1.46 (−17.47, 14.55) |
0.8585 | 41.47 | 4 | 190 | −0.06 (−0.27, 0.16) |
0.6126 | <0.01 | 3 | 174 | −0.26 (−1.25, 0.73) |
0.6048 | 20.04 |
| Follow-up period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤8 weeks | 3 | 124 | 0.32 (−0.21, 0.85) |
0.2342 | <0.01 | 3 | 124 | 3.31 (−10.78, 17.40) |
0.6457 | <0.01 | 4 | 152 | −0.05 (−0.30, 0.20) |
0.6919 | <0.01 | 2 | 84 | 1.00 (−1.71, 3.72) |
0.4695 | 66.62 |
| >8 weeks | 6 | 597 | −0.53 (−1.21, 0.14) |
0.1222 | 89.71 | 5 | 556 | −5.33 (−13.81, 3.15) |
0.2176 | 46.62 | 2 | 264 | −2.46 (−7.08, 2.17) |
0.2981 | 99.17 | 4 | 356 | −0.14 (−0.56, 0.29) | 0.5249 | 1.08 |
| Age | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤60 years | 3 | 440 | −0.72 (−1.75, 0.31) |
0.1699 | 95.74 | 3 | 440 | −5.65 (−13.23, 1.92) |
0.1434 | 43.26 | 1 | 200 | −4.83 (−5.61, −4.05) |
<0.0001 | N/R | 2 | 240 | −0.09 (−0.53, 0.35) |
0.6944 | <0.01 |
| >60 years | 5 | 229 | 0.09 (−0.34, 0.52) |
0.6879 | <0.01 | 4 | 188 | −2.22 (−20.43, 5.99) |
0.8112 | 42.78 | 5 | 216 | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.12) |
0.4533 | <0.01 | 3 | 148 | 0.03 (−1.74, 1.79) |
0.9763 | 65.74 |
| Body mass index | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | 4 | 339 | 0.07 (−0.28, 0.14) |
0.4989 | <0.01 | 3 | 298 | −1.25 (−9.29, 6.79) |
0.7606 | <0.01 | 2 | 86 | 0.03 (−0.30, 0.35) |
0.8742 | <0.01 | 3 | 298 | −0.08 (−0.47, 0.32) |
0.7031 | <0.01 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 5 | 382 | −0.43 (−1.54, 0.69) |
0.4511 | 89.33 | 5 | 382 | −2.46 (−17.58, 12.66) |
0.7494 | 52.49 | 4 | 330 | −1.30 (−2.96, 0.37) |
0.1269 | 97.63 | 3 | 142 | 0.36 (−2.42, 3.14) |
0.1669 | 37.01 |
|
Diabetes duration * |
||||||||||||||||||||
| <5 years | 6 | 428 | −0.05 (−0.25, 0.15) |
0.6238 | <0.01 | 6 | 428 | −1.41 (−9.58, 6.76) |
0.7347 | 12.76 | 4 | 188 | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.11) |
0.3682 | <0.01 | 5 | 388 | −0.10 (−0.63, 0.43) |
0.4104 | 33.93 |
| ≥5 years | 2 | 241 | −1.76 (−2.71, −0.81) |
0.0003 | 37.46 | 1 | 200 | −10.26 (−15.96, −4.56) |
0.0004 | N/R | 2 | 228 | −2.23 (−7.35, 2.90) |
0.3945 | 98.35 | |||||
| Isoflavone intake | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <100 mg/d | 3 | 125 | 0.26 (−0.34, 0.85) |
0.3961 | 11.29 | 4 | 324 | −0.59 (−8.54, 7.36) |
0.8839 | <0.01 | 3 | 112 | −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22) |
0.7820 | <0.01 | 2 | 84 | 1.00 (−1.71, 3.72) |
0.4695 | 66.62 |
| ≥100 mg/d | 6 | 596 | −0.48 (−1.15, 0.19) |
0.1618 | 89.63 | 4 | 356 | −4.85 (−19.79, 10.10) |
0.5249 | 54.10 | 3 | 304 | −1.70 (−4.56, 1.15) |
00.2426 | 98.36 | 4 | 356 | −0.14 (−0.56, 0.29) |
0.5249 | 1.08 |
| Diabetes therapy | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non medications | 5 | 414 | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.13) |
0.5159 | <0.01 | 5 | 414 | −2.17 (−10.59, 6.24) |
0.6127 | 15.07 | 2 | 122 | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.16) |
0.5658 | <0.01 | 5 | 414 | −0.12 (−0.49, 0.26) |
0.5446 | <0.01 |
| Diet and/or drugs | 4 | 307 | −0.69 (−2.19, 0.81) |
0.3651 | 86.36 | 3 | 266 | 0.32 (−19.22, 19.87) |
0.9741 | 54.76 | 4 | 294 | −1.20 (−3.49, 1.09) |
0.3052 | 97.45 | 1 | 26 | 2.86 (−0.29, 6.01) |
0.0755 | |
| Complications | ||||||||||||||||||||
| without | 7 | 480 | −0.05 (−0.24, 0.14) |
0.6366 | <0.01 | 7 | 480 | −0.36 (−8.15, 7.44) |
0.9287 | 10.68 | 4 | 188 | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.11) |
0.3685 | <0.01 | 6 | 440 | −0.07 (−0.54, 0.41) |
0.7857 | 22.52 |
| with | 2 | 241 | −1.76 (−2.71, −0.80) |
0.0003 | 37.67 | 1 | 200 | −10.26 (−15.96, −4.56) |
0.0004 | 98.35 | 2 | 228 | −2.23 (−7.35, 2.90) |
0.3945 | 98.35 | |||||
HbA1c—glycated hemoglobin; CI—confidence interval; HOMA-IR—homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; I2—coefficient of inconsistency; n—number of comparisons; N—sample size; p—probability value; N/R—not reported; WMD—weighted mean difference; *—data not available in trial of González et al. 2007 [37]—study not included in the HbA1c analysis