ACE2 is not required for wtS1S2 attachment to cells. (A) A549, wtHEK293, ACE2HEK293, Caco2, HaCaT, HCE2 and RT4 cells were incubated with 100 nM wtS1S2 for 60 min, before staining with anti-His6 secondary antibody labelled with Dylight 488. Binding of S1S2 attachment to various human cells. Data are calculated relative to the median fluorescence of secondary antibody alone (=1), means ± SEM from 5 separate experiments performed in duplicate. (B) Attachment of different concentrations of wtS1S2 (squares) or RBD (triangles) to wtHEK cells (open symbols) or ACE2HEK cells (filled symbols). Data are shown as a percentage of 10 µM RBD binding to ACE2HEK cells, means ± SEM from 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate.