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. 2021 May 28;10(6):872. doi: 10.3390/antiox10060872

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Generation of ROS in cytosol. Superoxide (O2•−, precursor of ROS) is generated in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. O2•− produced in the mitochondrial ETC is dismutated into H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1/2. H2O2 is converted to water by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (Gpx) and peroxiredoxins (Prx). O2− reacts with NO to produce ONOO−. Inside the ER, ER oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1)/protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) produce H2O2. Prx4 reduces H2O2 to water via a catalytic cysteine residue. (Created with BioRender.com accessed on 29 March 2021).