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. 2021 May 28;10(6):872. doi: 10.3390/antiox10060872

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Relationship between ROS and pathogens. Pathogen elimination via ROS-mediated immune signaling. (A) Pathogens are recognized by PRRs, phagocytized and digested. NOX is assembled and activated to produce ROS in the phagosomal membrane, resulting in elimination of the pathogen. (B) ER stress and mitochondrial fragmentation induce ROS production. ROS-induced ER stress boosts proinflammatory cytokine production via MAPK, resulting in microbial killing. Illustration of pathogen-mediated regulation of immune signaling via ROS production. HCV, hepatitis C virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus 1; BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus; S, aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae; M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M. avium, Mycobacterium avium; L. monocytogenes, Listeria monocytogenes; F. tularensis, Francisella tularensis. (Created with BioRender.com accessed on 29 March 2021).