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. 2021 Jun 25;18:30. doi: 10.1186/s12979-021-00241-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The molecular relationship of longevity and aging-related diseases. Environmental factors activate insulin/IGF-1/PI3K, AMPK/mTOR, SIRT/FOXO, and IGF/RTK/MYC multiple pathways. At the same time, these pathways interact with each other to regulate the molecular signaling cascade involved cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Finally, the phenotype of longevity or aging-related disease is formed by the difference of molecular expression regulation in the same pathway. IGF: insulin like growth factor; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; FOXO: forkhead box O; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; S6K1: S6 kinase 1; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; PGC-1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1; Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2; SIRT, silent mating type information regulation 2; LXR: liver X receptor; atg5: autophagy-related 5; Aβ: amyloid-beta; eNOS: endothelial NO synthase; KL: Klotho; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; SYT1: synaptotagmin 1