Table 1.
General characteristics, diagnoses declared, and mean group scores in dietary and mental health tests by geographic zone of origin of participants.
| Variable | Northern Zone (n = 26) | Central Zone (n = 259) | Southern Zone (n = 46) | Total (n = 331) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.1 ± 11.1 | 37.3 ± 11.9 | 36.8 ± 11.3 | 0.13 ** | |
| Gender (F), n (%) | 24 (92.3) | 245 (94.6) | 41 (89.1) | 310 (93.7) | 0.93 |
| Urban housing, n (%) | 24 (92.3) | 251 (96.9) | 38 (82.6) | 313 (94.6) | 0.25 |
| Education | 0.86 ** | ||||
| Primary-high school, n (%) | 4 (15.4) | 53 (20.5) | 9 (2.0) | ||
| University, n (%) | 17 (65.4) | 152 (58.7) | 25 (54.4) | ||
| Postgraduate studies | 5 (19.2) | 54 (20.8) | 12 (26.1) | ||
| Public health insurance, n (%) | 13 (50) | 111 (42.9) | 26 (56.5) | 149 (45.0) | 0.27 |
| Diagnoses declared, n (%) | 0.291 ** | ||||
| Wheat allergy, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (3.1) | 0 | 10 (3.2) | |
| Celiac disease, n (%) | 15 (57.7) | 162 (62.6) | 23 (50.0) | 200 (60.4) | |
| NCG/WS, n (%) | 6 (23.1) | 72 (27.8) | 19 (41.30) | 97 (29.3) | |
| None, n (%) | 3 (11.5) | 17 (6.6) | 4 (8.7) | 24 (7.3) | |
| CDAT, score (mean ±SD) | 14.6 ± 5.2 | 14.1 ± 4.7 | 13.1 ± 4.4 | 0.30 * | |
| HEI score (mean ±SD) | 68.4 ± 9.5 | 65.2 ± 13.5 | 66.3 ± 14.2 | 0.47 ** | |
| GAD-7 score (mean-range) | 6 (3–11) | 7 (4–12) | 7(4–13) | 0.88 ** | |
| PHQ-9 score (mean-range) | 9 (5–13) | 9 (4–14) | 7 (5–13) | 0.81 ** |
Data as mean ± SD. * Kruskal-Wallis Test; ** One-way ANOVA test; Fisher’s exact; NCG-WS: non celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. CDAT: Celiac Dietary Adherence Test; HEI: Healthy Eating Index; GAD-7: Generalized anxiety disorder test; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire.