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Astaxanthin and exercise modulating cognitive function. ROS: reactive oxygen species. TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha. BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor one. (Illustrations provided by Servier Medical Art, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license (https://smart.servier.com accessed in 19 May 2021)).
