Table 1.
Animal studies.
| Author (Year) | Animal (Age) |
Intervention (Duration) |
Primary Outcome |
Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. Ikeuchi (2006) |
ddY mice (4 weeks) |
ASX: 30 mg/kg b.w. (gavage) Exe: swimming to exhaustion (5 weeks) |
Endurance performance |
Increased time to exhaustion by increasing lipid metabolism [33] |
|
W. Aoi
(2008) |
ICR mice
(7 weeks) |
ASX: 0.02% w/w
Exe: 2/wk, 18 m/min—5 min (4 weeks) |
Endurance
performance |
Increased time to exhaustion by increasing lipid metabolism [34] |
| H. Liu (2014) |
ICR mice (7 weeks) |
ASX: 0.02% w/w
Exe: 30 min 25 m/min treadmill (2 weeks) |
Lipid metabolism |
Increased PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle [38] |
| T. G. Polotow (2014) |
Wistar rats (NA) |
ASX: 1 mg/kg bw (gavage) Exe: swimming to exhaustion (6 weeks) |
Endurance performance |
Increased time to exhaustion by redox balance [35] |
| T. Shibaguchi (2016) |
Wistar rats (14 weeks) |
ASX: 0.04% w/w
(6 weeks) |
Muscle atrophy | Attenuated skeletal muscle atrophy by redox balance [37] |
|
W. Aoi (2017) |
ICR mice (8 weeks) |
ASX: 0.02% w/w
Exe: 3/wk, 25 m/min—5 min (5 weeks) |
Endurance performance |
Increased time to exhaustion [36] |
|
Y Zhou
(2019) |
C57BL/6J mice
(7 weeks) |
ASX: 30 mg/kg bw (gavage)
Exe: 45 min moderate swimming (4 weeks) |
Redox status | Suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity [39] |
| Y. Nishida (2020) |
C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks) |
ASX: 0.02% w/w
(24 weeks) |
Insulin resistance |
Increased mitochondria biogenesis via AMPK pathway [40] |
| J. S. Yook (2016) |
C57BL/6J mice (11 weeks) |
ASX: 0.5% w/w
(4 weeks) |
Cognitive function |
Increased spatial memory by increasing hippocampal neurogenesis [41] |
|
J. S. Yook
(2019) |
C57BL/6J mice
(11 weeks) |
ASX: 0.5% w/w
Exe: mild treadmill running (4 weeks) |
Cognitive
function |
Increased spatial memory with increasing hippocampal neurogenesis [42] |
ASX: Astaxanthin, Exe: exercise, b.w.: body weight, NA: not applicable. Bold font indicates studies in which additive effects between ASX and EXE were found.