Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis.
| Authors (Year) | Parts | Dose (mg/kg BW) |
Duration Exposed to MO |
Animal Models |
Sex | n (T/no-T) | Age or Weight at the Baseline |
Diet | Blood Sample for BS | Measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oldoni et al. (2021) [13] | leaves | 500 | 45 days | rats, STZ 55 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 90 days, 200–250 g | control | NS | BS |
| Anwer et al. (2021) [14] | leaves | 400 | 21 days | rats, STZ 40 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 100–120 g | HFD | serum | BS |
| Irfan et al. (2020) [15] | leaves | 1000 | 30 days | rats | males | 6/6 | 6 wks old | HFD, 20% fructose in water | whole blood | BS, TC |
| Kusumawati et al. (2020) [16] | seeds | 300 | 2 weeks | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | females | 5/5 | NS | control | whole blood | BS |
| Owolabi et al. (2020) [17] | pods | 200 | 3 weeks | rats, alloxan 100 mg/kg | both | 5/5 | 130–150 g | control | plasma | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Ezzat et al. (2020) [18] | leaves | 400 | 1 month | rats | males | 7/7 | 100 ± 20 g | HFD | serum | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Mohamed et al. (2019) [19] | leaves | 300 | 4 weeks | rats | males | 10/10 | 140–320 g | high fructose diet | serum | BS |
| Aju et al. (2019) [20] | leaves | 300 | 60 days | rats, STZ 30 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 170–180 g | high energy diet | serum | BS |
| Othman et al. (2019) [21] | leaves | 300 | 6 weeks | rats | males | 6/6 | 200–230 g | HFD | serum | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Sun et al. (2019) [22] | leaves | 120 | 8 weeks | db/db mice | males | 8/8 | 6 wks old | control | serum | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Mapfumo et al. (2019) (1) (2) [23] | seeds | 500 | 12 weeks | rats | females/males | 12/12 | 3 wks old | high fructose diet | whole blood | BS, TG, TC |
| Hidayati et al. (2018) [24] | leaves | 50 | 10 days | rats, STZ 65 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | NS | control | NS | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Jaja-Chimedza et al. (2018) [25] | seeds | 0.54% in diet | 12 weeks | mice | males | 12/12 | 5 wks old | HFD | whole blood | BS |
| Azevedo et al. (2018) [26] | leaves | 100 | 10 days | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg, | NS | 6/6 | 280 ± 23 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| López et al. (2018) [27] | leaves | 700 | 3 weeks | rats | males | 9/10 | 250 ± 50 g | HFD, 10% fructose in water | whole blood | BS, TG, TC |
| Villarruel-Lopez et al. (2018) [28] | leaves | 50 | 8 weeks | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 180–200 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Oboh et al. (2018) [29] | leaves | 4% in diet | 14 days | rats, STZ 60 mg/kg | males | 8/8 | 260–280 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Bamagous et al. (2018) [30] | leaves | 200 | 30 days | rats, STZ 55 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 8–12 wks old, 200–250 g |
control | whole blood | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Kamalrudin et al. (2018) [31] | fruits | 500 | 21 days | rats, STZ 50 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | 10–12 wks old, 300–500 g |
control | whole blood | BS |
| Onyenibe et al. (2018) [32] | leaves | 400 | 30 days | rats, STZ 60 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 2 wks old, 120–140 g | control | whole blood | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Metwally et al. (2017) [33] | aerial parts | 600 | 12 weeks | rats | females | 8/8 | 13 wks old, 130 ± 10 g |
high cholesterol diet | serum | BS |
| Olurische et al. (2017) [34] | leaves | 300 | 6 weeks | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | both | 8/8 | NS | control | NA | TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Raafat et al. (2017) [35] | seeds | 40–80 | 8 days | mice, alloxan 180 mg/kg | males | 7/7 | 18–29 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Aa et al. (2017) [36] | leaves | 400 | 24 days | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | both | 5/5 | 12 wks old, 100 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Khan et al. (2017) (1) (2) [37] | leaves | 100 | 3 weeks | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg | females | 6/6 | 200–250 g | control | NA | TG, TC, HDL-C |
| 200 | mice | 6/6 | 6 wks old | HFD | NA | |||||
| Joung et al. (2017) [38] | leaves | 250 | 10 weeks | mice | males | 9/9 | 4 wks old | HFD | whole blood | BS |
| Tang et al. (2017) [39] | leaves | 150 | 5 weeks | db/db mice | males | 8/8 | 7 wks old | control | plasma | BS, TG |
| Abd Eldaim et al. (2017) [40] | leaves | 250 | 18 days | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | both | 20/20 | 110–170 g | control | plasma | BS |
| Omodanisi et al. (2017) (1) [41] | leaves | 250 | 6 weeks | rats, STZ 55 mg/kg | males | 12/12 | 200–250 g | control | serum | BS |
| Omodanisi et al. (2017) (2) [42] | leaves | 250 | 6 weeks | rats, STZ 55 mg/kg | males | 12/12 | 10 wks old, 200–250 g |
control | plasma | BS |
| Sholapur et al. (2017) [43] | stem bark | 140 | 11 days | rats, dexa 1 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 180–200 g | control | serum | BS, TG, TC |
| Irfan et al. (2017) [44] | leaves | 1000 | 14 days | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 8–9 wks old, 230 ± 30 g |
control | whole blood | BS |
| Olurishe et al. (2016) [34] | leaves | 300 | 6 weeks | rats, alloxan 150 mg/kg | both | 8/8 | NS | control | whole blood | BS |
| Arise et al. (2016) [45] | flowers | 300 | 21 days | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | 151 ± 5 g | control | whole blood | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Irfan et al. (2016) [46] | leaves | 500 | 14 days | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg | males | 6/6 | 5–6 wks old, 170–200 g |
control | whole blood | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Olayaki et al. (2015) [47] | leaves | 600 | 6 weeks | rats, alloxan 120 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | 6 wks, 150–180 g | control | whole blood | BS, TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Al-Malki et al. (2015) [48] | seeds | 100 | 4 weeks | rats, STZ 60 mg/kg | males | 10/10 | 180–200 g | control | serum | BS |
| Waterman et al. (2015) [49] | leaves | 5% extracts in diet | 12 weeks | mice | males | 12/12 | 5 wks old | HFD | whole blood | BS, TG, TC |
| Abd El Latif et al. (2014) [50] | leaves | 250 | 18 days | rats, alloxan 100 mg/kg | females | 5/5 | 130–170 g | control | serum | BS, TG, TC |
| Yassa et al. (2014) [51] | leaves | 200 | 8 weeks | rats, STZ 60 mg/kg | males | 10/10 | 12 months old, 180–200 g |
control | plasma | BS |
| Ahmed et al. (2014) [52] | aerial parts | 600 | 12 weeks | rats | female | 8/8 | 13 wks old, 130 ± 10 g |
high cholesterol diet | NA | TG, TC, HDL-C |
| Oseni et al. (2014) [53] | leaves | 30% in 0.5 mL water | 1 week | rats, alloxan 35 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | 74.6–87.3 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Sholapur et al. (2013) [54] | stem bark | 250 | 11 days | rats, dexa 1 mg/kg | males | 7/7 | 180–200 g | control | plasma | BS, TG, TC |
| Kumar Gupta et al. (2013) [55] | leaves | 100 | 24 weeks | rats, STZ 45 mg/kg | both | 20/20 | 200–250 g | control | whole blood | BS |
| Gupta et al. (2012) [56] | pods | 300 | 21 days | rats, STZ 50 mg/kg | both | 7/7 | 170–230 g | control | serum | BS |
| Kar et al. (2003) [57] | stem bark | 250 | 1 week | rats, alloxan 100 mg/kg | males | 5/5 | 150–200 g | control | serum | BS |
STZ: streptozotocin, HFD: high fat diet, NA: not applicable, NS: not specified, T/no-T: treatment/no treatment with MO, wks: weeks, BS: blood sugar, TG: triglyceride, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.