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. 2021 May 29;10(6):1352. doi: 10.3390/cells10061352

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Preimplantation development following IVF in the presence of various amino acids. Fertilisation was performed in the absence of amino acids (No AA) or the presence of 0.4 mM Pro alone or 0.4 mM Pro in the presence of (A) 5 mM PA, (B) 5 mM His, (C) 5 mM Gly, or (D) 5 mM Bet. Following fertilisation, zygotes were cultured in mod-HTF in the absence of added amino acids for 120 h, and the percentages of embryos at the 2-cell (24 h), ≥4-cell (48 h), compacted (72 h), and blastocyst (120 h) stages were recorded. Bars represent mean ± SEM obtained from 3 independent experiments with a minimum of 10 zygotes per treatment group in each experiment. Blastocysts were fixed and stained with DAPI, and ICM (E) and trophectoderm (F) cell numbers were counted. Whiskers indicate highest and lowest values, and the mean is represented by the centre line in the box. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism using 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (A–D) or Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (E,F). Bars sharing the same letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05).