Table 1.

Effects of rapid weight loss on kidney function in combat sport athletes.

Study	Sport	Sample	RWL Period	Mean Weight Loss (%)	p
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Cannataro et al. [14]	Muay Thai	N = 21 M = 13 F = 8	3 days	4.1	M	F
					↑*	↑*
Cicioglu et al. [16]	Wrestling	N = 24(M)	1–2 weeks	5.7	↑**
Ozkan and Cicioglu [23]	Wrestling	N = 69(M)	1–7 days	4.5 ± 1.8	↑*
Creatinine
Karila et al. [15]	Wrestling	N = 18(M)	2–3 weeks	8.2 ± 2.3	↑**
Kasper et al. [21]	MMA	N = 1(M)	8 weeks	14.5	↑**
Drid et al. [22]	Judo	N = 8(M)	7 days	6	↑*
Yang et al. [18]	Taekwondo	N = 10(M)	4 days	5	↑*
Urine Specific Gravity
Timpmann et al. [17]	Wrestling	N = 16(M)	3 days	5	↑**
Barley et al. [19]	MMA	N = 14(M)	3 h	4.8 ± 0.8	↑*
Jetton et al. [20]	MMA	N = 40 M = 38 F = 2	~1 day	4.4	↓**

RWL period—rapid weight loss period; MMA—mixed martial arts; N—number of participants; M—males; F—females; ↑*—significant increase, p ≤ 0.05; ↑**—significant increase, p ≤ 0.001; ↓**—significant decrease, p ≤ 0.001.