Table 2.
Selected applications of liposomes with metallic nanoparticles in medical imaging.
| Author | Year | Nanostructures | Synthesis Method | Nanostructures’ Size | Cell/Tissue | Kind of Therapy |
Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German [72] |
2015 | Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in magnetic fluid loaded liposomes (MFLs) | chemical precipitation form of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts solution in basic environment; extrusion technique | NPs: 13 nm MFL size: 147 nm |
Renal cell carcinoma administered subcutaneously into twenty male Wistar albino rats | MRI | Increase of T1, decrease of T2 time; visualization of the tumor under both T1 and T2 sequences |
| He [104] |
2014 | magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (MIONs); gonadorelin-functionalized Mit-loaded MLs (Mit-GML) | lipid film hydration |
Mit-GML size-136 nm | MCF-7 breast cancer cells implanted into female athymic nude BALB/c mice | MRI | Enhanced tumor accumulation of Mit-GML; 2 h post injection decrease in T2 signal intensity in tumors |
| Zhang [92] |
2014 | super-paramegnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), hybrid nanostructures (PGN-L-IO/DiR) | lipid film hydration | PGN-L-IO/DiR size: 111 nm | MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells injected subcutaneously into nude BALB/c mice | MRI | tumor visualization: 24 h post injection hypointense intratumoral regions appeared |
| Patil-Sen [93] |
2020 | composite-magnetoliposome hybrid: SPION-silica | co-precipitation, thin film hydration, surfactant templating approach | hybrid size: 150 nm | MCF-7 breast cancer cells, fetal glial normal cell line SVG -12 | MRI | proven use as a negative contrast in MRI imaging; |
| Lee [94] |
2017 | PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, labeled with Cu-64 radioisotope (Cu-64-MM-302) | no information | no information | HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer cells—19 patients | PET/CT | Particle tumor accumulation and visualization in imaging techniques |
| Ravoori [96] |
2016 | dual gadolinium liposomal contrast agent (DM-Dual-Gd-ICG) | lipid film hydration | <150 nm | HeyA8 or OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells, intraperitone-al injection | MRI | Increased T1-weighted MR signal and NIR signal in tumors |
| Chen [97] |
2017 | SPIO@ Liposome bound to ICG and RGD | film method followed by extrusion | <150 nm | HepG2 liver cancer cells subcutaneously injected into ten Balb/c nude mice | MRI | clear tumor delineation after probe injection, contrast-to-noise ratio helpful for detecting smaller tumors |
| Blocker [100] |
2017 | MM-DX-929 liposomes labeled with Cu-64 | empty MM-DX-929 liposomes were provided by Merrimack Pharmaceuticals | 104 nm | HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells grown in SCID mice | PET, CT | MM-DX-929 labeled with Cu-64 detect significant differences in liposomes delivery to treated colon tumors when compared to untreated controls. |
| Thebault [102] |
2020 | CA4P-loaded thermosensitive Ultra Magnetic Liposomes (CA4P-UML) | co-precipitation method, reverse-phase evaporation method | 209 nm | CT-26 murine colon tumor in Balb/C female mice | MRI | decrease of the tumor volume and vasculature observed in MRI |
Abbreviations: ICD—indocyanine green, RGD-Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic peptide, CA4P—combretastatin A4, PEG-polyethylene glycol, MRI—magnetic resonance imaging, PET—positron emission tomography, CT—computed tomography PGN—human antibody PGN635, L-liposome, IO—iron oxide, DiR—near-infrared dye, SPION- super-paramegnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle, MION—magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle, UML—ultra magnetic liposomes, MM-DX-929—64Cu-liposomal doxorubicin PET Agent (Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cambridge, MA, USA), MM-DX-302 -HER2-targeted antibody–liposomal doxorubicin conjugate (Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cambridge, MA, USA), SCID—Severe combined immunodeficient mice.