Table 3.

Descriptive characteristics of studies that included meal standardization or resistance exercise.

Study (Author, Year)	Exercise Trial			Meal Standardization
	Exercise Modality	Exercise Trial Length	Exercise Protocol	Single Meal or Entire Day	Energy Expenditure Estimate
Ormsbee et al., 2015 [23]	Resistance training and HIIT	4 week (3 days/week nonconsecutively) 2 days of resistance training and 1 day of HIIT	Resistance training -Total of 3 sets per exercise (first 2 sets for 10 repetitions and last set performed to muscular exhaustion). -Exercises performed included: chest press, seated row, leg press, shoulder press, leg extension, and leg curl. -Chest press and leg press at 70–85% of 1RM and the remaining exercises at a weight that could be lifted for 10–12 repetitions. -Total of 90–120 s rest periods. HIIT -Based on individual RPE scale (1–10). -Self-selected machine (cycle ergometer, treadmill, or elliptical trainer). -Total of 4 HIIT cycles performed for a total of 20 min. -HIIT cycle: warm up at RPE 5 (2 min), increased by 1 RPE every minute until reaching RPE 9, RPE reduced to 6 for 1 min, repeated ramping cycle up to RPE 9.
Lay et al., 2018 [25]				Entire day	-Distribution of 50% CHO, 32% FAT, 18% PRO -Energy matched to the participants’ average evening meal intake from their food record.
Leyh et al., 2018 [26]				Single meal	Energy expenditure estimate and macronutrient distribution details not stated.
Madzima et al., 2018 [27]	Resistance training	Single day session	-Exercises performed: chest press, leg press, lat pull-down, shoulder press, leg extension, and leg curl. -Performed at metronome cadence of 30 beats/minute (ratio of 2:2 s concentric and eccentric). -Total of 3 sets per exercise (first two sets for 10 repetitions and last set performed to muscular exhaustion). -Exercises performed at 60% of 1RM.
Allman et al., 2020 [29]	Resistance training	Single day session	-Exercises performed: back squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, and reverse lunges. -Total of 4 sets of 10 repetitions (Set 1: 40% of 1RM, Set 2–4: 65% at 65% 1RM).	Entire day	-Distribution of 40% CHO, 30% FAT, %30 PRO -Energy matched to the participants’ Cunningham equation calculation.
Morehen et al., 2020 [30]				Single meal	-Distribution of 50% CHO, 32% FAT,18% PRO -Energy matched to the participants’ habitual intake record.

Abbreviations: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), one-repetition maximum (1RM), rated perceived exertion (RPE), carbohydrate (CHO), protein (PRO).