Table 4.
Summary of main results from included studies related to pre-sleep casein supplementation effects on metabolism and appetite.
| Study (Author, Year) | Next-Morning Appetite, Hunger, and Satiety | Metabolism | Lipolysis | Next-Morning Food Intake |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy young adult | ||||
| Madzima et al., 2014 [22] | No effect on appetite sensations (p > 0.05). |
No group x time interaction for RMR (p > 0.05). Mean VO2 significantly greater in casein than in control (p < 0.0001). |
||
| Leyh et al., 2018 [26] | No effect on appetite sensations (p > 0.05). |
No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
||
| Madzima et al., 2018 [27] | No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05) | 24 g casein had significantly lower (p = 0.04) fat oxidation compared to 24 g whey when measured indirectly by RER. | ||
| Trommelen et al., 2018 [28] | No effect on appetite sensations (p > 0.05). |
No effect on next-morning food intake (p > 0.05). | ||
| Allman et al., 2020 [29] | No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
No effect on lipolysis (p > 0.05). | ||
| Nelson et al., 2021 [31] |
No effect on appetite sensations (p > 0.05). |
No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
||
| Overweight/obese young adult | ||||
| Kinsey et al., 2014 [21] | No group x time interaction for any appetite sensations (p > 0.05). Significant main effect of time interaction: Increased satiety (p = 0.03) Reduced desire to eat (p = 0.006) |
No time or group x time interaction for RMR (p > 0.05). | ||
| Ormsbee et al., 2015 [23] | No effect on hunger or desire to eat (p > 0.05). Significant group x time interaction: Casein increased morning satiety compared to controls after 4 weeks (p = 0.02). |
No group x time interaction for RMR (p > 0.05). Not statistically significant (p = 0.07) but casein had greater increases on RMR than in control. |
||
| Kinsey et al., 2016 [24] | No effect on hunger or satiety (p > 0.05). Significant group effect: Casein increased desire to eat compared to control (p = 0.03). |
No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
No effect on lipolysis (p > 0.05). | |
| Overweight/obese young adult | ||||
| Lay et al., 2018 [25] | No effect on hunger or desire to eat (p > 0.05). Not statistically significant (p = 0.07) but casein had greater increases on next-morning fullness. |
No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
No effect on next-morning food intake (p > 0.05). | |
| Healthy elderly adult | ||||
| Morehen et al., 2020 [30] | No effect on appetite sensations (p > 0.05). |
No effect on metabolism (p > 0.05). |
No effect on next-morning food intake (p > 0.05). |