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. 2021 Jun 7;10(6):1314. doi: 10.3390/foods10061314

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antioxidant effects induced by betanins through Nrf2. Betanins enhance the Nrf2-Keap1 complex dissociation (A) and enhance Nrf2 nuclear translocation (B). Additionally, betanins can also activate MAPK (C), which, in turn, phosphorylates and stabilizes Nrf2 (D), contributing to its nuclear translocation. As a result, nuclear Nrf2-ARE binding is increased, resulting in enhanced transcription of genes encoding antioxidant and phase II enzymes. ARE: antioxidant response element, Keap1: Kelch-like repressor protein ECH-associated protein 1, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase and Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.