Table 1.

Relationship of maternal health complications to mineral status. Superscripts of M indicate meta-analyses, and R indicates a Review of multiple studies [3,7,8,10,11,14,15,16,17,20,24,26,27,28,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,39,40,49,94,95,96,97,100,102,103,104,105,116,124,126,127,128,130,132,141].

Maternal Outcome	Significant Evidence	Limited Evidence
Anemia	Iron [77,78,83,84,85,86,87] and [89] M
Anxiety		Copper [39]
Blighted Ovum		Copper [31,33]
Depression		Copper [39]
Edema		Magnesium [102] Selenium [130]
Fertility (for women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)		Chromium [27,28]
Gestational Diabetes	Chromium [20,24,26]	Selenium [127] M, [128] R
Gestational Hypertension	Calcium [7] M, [8] R, [14,15,16] Magnesium [7] M, [100,103] Selenium [124,130] Zinc [7] M, [141] M
Hypothyroidism	Selenium [124,130,132] Iodine [49]	Selenium [132]
Infection		Selenium [126]
Leg Cramps		Magnesium [97]
Maternal Death/Serious Morbidity		Calcium [8] R
Maternal Hospitalization	Magnesium [94,104,105]
Miscarriage	Copper [31,32,33] Selenium [128] R
Postpartum Depression		Chromium [30] Selenium [130]
Preeclampsia	Calcium [3], [8] R, [10,11,14,17] Copper [36] M, [37] M Magnesium [95,96,97] Selenium [124,128,130] Zinc [7] M, [141] M	Iodine [40] Manganese (high levels are a problem) [116]
Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)		Copper [35]