Table 3.

Relationship of minerals to maternal health problems/benefits [7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,20,26,27,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,39,40,43,49,77,78,83,84,85,87,89,94,95,96,97,100,103,104,105,116,124,127,128,130,132,141].

Mineral	Significant Evidence	Limited Evidence
Calcium	Gestational Hypertension [7] M, [8] R, [14,15,16] Maternal Death [8] R Preeclampsia [8] R, [10,11,14,17] Pregnancy Induced Hypertension [7] M, [8] R, [10,11,14,15,16]
Chromium	Gestational Diabetes [20,26]	Postpartum Depression [30] Fertility in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [27]
Copper	Miscarriages [31,32,33] Preeclampsia [36] M, [37] M	Anxiety [39] Depression [39] PROM [35]
Iodine	Hypothyroidism [43,49]	Preeclampsia [40]
Iron	Anemia [77,78,83,84,85,87,89]
Magnesium	Gestational Hypertension [7] M, [42,100,103] Maternal Hospitalization [94,104,105] Preeclampsia [95,96,97]	Leg Cramps [97]
Manganese		Preeclampsia (high levels are a problem) [116]
Molybdenum
Selenium	Miscarriage [128] R Preeclampsia [124,128,130] Gestational Hypertension [124,130]	Gestational Diabetes [127] M, [128] R Hypothyroidism [124,130,132] Postpartum Depression [130] Postpartum Thyroid Deficiency [132]
Zinc	Preeclampsia [7] M, [141] M Gestational Hypertension [7] M, [141] M