Table 4.

Relationship of maternal mineral status to infant health problems/benefits [1,2,8,12,13,33,34,43,44,54,55,56,66,80,81,82,85,86,87,88,89,97,98,100,104,105,106,107,111,112,113,114,117,118,126,128,138,142,143,147,150].

Mineral	Significant Evidence	Limited Evidence
Calcium	Autism [12,13] Preterm Birth [8] R Rickets [1,2]	High Blood Pressure [8] R Dental Cavities [8] R Low Birthweight [8] R
Chromium
Copper		Anencephaly [33] CNS Malformations [34]
Iodine	ADHD [66] R Hypothyroidism [43] R, [44] Intellectual Disability [43] R, [54,55,56]	Mortality [54] IQ [63] M Stillbirth [54]
Iron	Anemia [85,86,87,88,89]	Anencephaly [82] Autism [80] Orofacial Cleft [81]
Magnesium	Apgar Score [100] R Birth Weight [104,105,106] Cerebral Palsy [109] R Preterm Birth [97,98,104,105,106,107]	Orofacial Cleft [81]
Manganese	Birth Weight [111,112,114] Intellectual Disability [117,118]	Preterm Birth [113]
Selenium	Neural Tube Defects [138] R	Birthweight [128] R Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia [128] R Intellectual Disability [126] Intrauterine Growth Restriction [128] R
Zinc	Preterm Birth [138], [147] M Wheeze [142] M	Apgar Scores [138] Birth Weight [138] Duration of Gestation [138] Impetigo [150] Asthma [143]