Table 4.
Essential oil composition of early sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides) cultivated in southern Alabama.
| RIcalc | RIdb | Compound | Percent Composition a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | St. dev. | |||
| 801 | 801 | Hexanal | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| 815 | 817 | 4-Hydroxy-2-pentanone | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| 829 | 831 | Furfural | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| 848 | 850 | (2E)-Hexenal | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| 879 | 876 | 5-Methyl-(3Z)-hexen-2-one | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| 959 | 959 | Benzaldehyde | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| 987 | 989 | 2-Pentyl furan | 0.4 | 0.1 |
| 1102 | 1104 | Nonanal | 1.0 | 0.0 |
| 1290 | 1289 | Thymol | 1.8 | 0.6 |
| 1298 | 1300 | Carvacrol | 1.5 | 0.1 |
| 1309 | 1309 | 4-Vinylguaicol | 5.5 | 0.6 |
| 1335 | 1335 | δ-Elemene | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| 1383 | 1382 | β-Bourbonene | 2.7 | 0.1 |
| 1388 | 1390 | trans-β-Elemene | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| 1417 | 1422 | β-Ylangene | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| 1418 | 1417 | (E)-β-Caryophyllene | 2.7 | 0.0 |
| 1428 | 1430 | β-Copaene | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| 1443 | 1447 | iso-Germacrene D | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| 1454 | 1453 | α-Humulene | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| 1477 | 1481 | (E)-β-Ionone | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| 1480 | 1480 | Germacrene D | 42.4 | 1.2 |
| 1494 | 1497 | Bicyclogermacrene | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| 1497 | 1502 | ε-Amorphene | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| 1503 | 1499 | (Z)-Dihydroapofarnesal | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| 1509 | --- | Unidentified b | 1.1 | 0.0 |
| 1516 | 1518 | δ-Cadinene | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| 1523 | 1516 | (E)-Dihydroapofarnesal | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| 1524 | 1524 | Dihydroactinidiolide | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| 1557 | 1557 | Germacrene B | 0.7 | 0.0 |
| 1560 | 1560 | (E)-Nerolidol | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| 1566 | 1566 | 1,5-Epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| 1575 | 1576 | Spathulenol | 1.2 | 0.0 |
| 1580 | 1577 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| 1590 | 1593 | Salvial-4(14)-en-1-one | 0.6 | 0.0 |
| 1626 | 1629 | iso-Spathulenol | 2.7 | 0.0 |
| 1638 | 1644 | allo-Aromadendrene epoxide | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| 1653 | 1655 | α-Cadinol | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| 1683 | 1683 | Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1α-ol | 1.4 | 0.2 |
| 1685 | 1685 | Eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| 1689 | --- | Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1β-ol | 1.1 | 0.2 |
| 1735 | 1735 | Mint sulfide | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| 1763 | --- | Unidentified c | 1.4 | 0.0 |
| 1827 | --- | Unidentified d | 1.1 | 0.0 |
| 1840 | 1841 | Phytone | 1.6 | 0.0 |
| 2097 | 2098 | γ-Stearolactone | 2.1 | 0.3 |
| 2106 | 2102 | Phytol | 2.8 | 1.3 |
| 2273 | --- | Unidentified e | 2.3 | 0.8 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 0.0 | |||
| Oxygenated monoterpenoids | 3.3 | |||
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 53.8 | |||
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids | 12.2 | |||
| Diterpenoids | 2.8 | |||
| Benzenoid aromatics | 5.8 | |||
| Others | 10.6 | |||
| Total identified | 88.6 | |||
| Enantiomeric Distribution | (+):(-) | |||
| δ-Elemene | 52.1:47.9 | |||
| trans-β-Elemene | 100:0 | |||
| (E)-β-Caryophyllene | 100:0 | |||
| (E)-β-Ionone | 100:0 | |||
| Germacrene D | 89.3:10.7 | |||
| δ-Cadinene | 0:100 | |||
| (E)-Nerolidol | 0:100 | |||
RIcalc = retention indices calculated with respect to a homologous series of n-alkanes on a ZB-5 column. RIdb = retention indices from the databases [29,30,31,32]. a Average of three measurements. b MS(EI): 182(7%), 153(5%), 126(8%), 112(20%), 111(37%), 99(5%), 83(100%), 69(6%), 55(39%), 43(14%), 41(7%). c MS(EI): 236(2%), 193(20%), 180(10%), 175(15%), 165(18%), 147(35%), 137(26%), 123(36%), 121(24%), 109(25%), 105(26%), 95(50%), 93(38%), 81(100%), 79(28%), 69(31%), 55(38%), 43(30%), 41(41%). d MS(EI): 234(11%), 219(11%), 191(91%), 173(19%), 163(48%), 151(71%), 145(41%), 131(37%), 123(100%), 121(42%), 107(55%), 105(40%), 95(42%), 93(59%), 91(75%), 83(72%), 81(81%), 79(66%), 77(57%), 69(48%), 55(75%), 43(52%), 41(100%). e MS(EI): 161(4%), 147(15%), 133(10%), 119(14%), 105(23%), 95(47%), 93(51%), 91(45%), 80(51%), 79(100%), 67(66%), 55(32%), 43(10%), 41(44%).