Table 1.
Characteristics of the COVID-19 patient cohort survivors and non-survivors, and general population controls.
| COVID-19 Non-survivor Patients (n = 43) | COVID-19 Survivor Patients (n = 95) | p-Value # | COVID-19 Patients Total (n = 138) | Population Controls (n = 138) | p-Value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean (SD) | 76.6 (11.5) | 64.7 (15.8) | <0.0001 | 68.4 (15.6) | 62.5 (10.6) | 0.0002 |
| Sex | Male | 19 (44.2) | 40 (42.1) | 59 (42.8) | 59 (42.8) | 1 | |
| Female | 24 (55.8) | 55 (57.9) | 0.9656 | 79 (57.2) | 79 (57.2) | ||
| BMI | mean (SD) | 29.2 (6.5) | 28.8 (6.8) | 0.7244 | 28.9 (6.6) | 26.5 (5.3) | 0.0016 |
| Obesity | BMI ≥ 30 | 15 (41.7) | 31 (37.8) | 46 (39.0) | 23 (16.7) | 0.0001 | |
| BMI < 30 | 21 (58.3) | 51 (62.2) | 0.8484 | 72 (61.0) | 115 (83.3) | ||
| Hypertension | No | 15 (34.9) | 57 (60.0) | 72 (52.2) | 45 (32.6) | 0.0015 | |
| Yes | 28 (65.1) | 38 (40.0) | 0.0107 | 66 (47.8) | 93 (67.4) | ||
| Diabetes | No | 28 (65.1) | 68 (71.6) | 96 (69.6) | 129 (93.5) | <0.0001 | |
| Yes | 15 (34.9) | 27 (28.4) | 0.5724 | 42 (30.4) | 9 (6.5) | ||
| CVD | No | 13 (30.2) | 48 (50.5) | 61 (44.2) | 106 (90.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Yes | 30 (69.8) | 47 (49.5) | 0.0415 | 77 (55.8) | 11 (9.4) | ||
| Asthma/COPD | No | 32 (74.4) | 78 (82.1) | 110 (79.7) | 99(85.3) | 0.3141 | |
| Yes | 11 (25.6) | 17 (17.9) | 0.4171 | 28 (20.3) | 17(14.7) | ||
| Vitamin K antagonist user | No Yes |
41 (95.3) 2 (4.7) |
93 (97.9) 2 (2.1) |
0.7811 | 134 (97.1) 4 (2.9) |
136 (98.6) 2 (1.4) |
0.6798 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | Mean (95% CI) |
47.2 (41.6; 52.8) | 65.6 (61.1; 70.1) | <0.0001 | 60.7 (56.7; 64.7) | 81.1 (78.6; 83.6) | <0.0001 |
| Dp-ucMGP (pmol/L) | Median (IQR) | 1368 (889; 2340) |
771 (590; 1174) |
0.0002 | 889 (646; 1441) |
506.5 (417.0; 617.2) |
<0.0001 |
| Dp-ucMGP (pmol/L) | Mean (95% CI) |
1445 (1148; 1820) |
877 (778; 995) |
<0.0001 | 1022 (912; 1151) |
533 (498; 571) |
<0.0001 |
BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; Dp-ucMGP: Dephosphorylated and uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein; eGFR: estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. # p-value for comparison of non-survivor and survivor patients using X2 tests, Fisher’s exact test, t-test, or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate. * p-value for comparison of patients (n = 138) and sex- and age-matched controls (138) using X2 tests, Fisher’s exact test, t-test, or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.