Table 2.

Innovative nanomaterials for stimuli-responsive release.

Mechanism/Nanomaterials	Pros Effect	Cons Effect	Refs.
Depot	Continuously release, utilization efficiency	Slow insect toxicity non-target	[48]
Target	Safe	High costs	[3,12]
Stimuli-responsive [thermic, light, pH, ion, humidity,]	Controlled release, reducing the loss, increased efficiency, biosensor, fast action, high availability	Random control Irreversible phase of AcI release, enhanced cellular uptake. Low selective toxicity, low biodegradability, induced pesticide resistance in target organisms	[12,42,43,50,51,52,53]
Carbon nanotubes	Biosensor; water uptake	Rise of ROS and cell death	[54]
Polymer-protein conjugated	Decrease bacterial resistance	Non-target	[19,21]
Complex system polymer-based	Increase bioavailability decrease leaching/drift. Catalytic reduction. Biosensor	Low environmental stability	[20,55]
Interpolyectrolyte complex	Multifunctional. Overcome multidrug resistance	Low chemical stability	[22]