Table 3.
Effect of VLCKD on cardiovascular, lipid and safety parameters.
| Mean ± SD | Absolute Change (% Change) |
p-Value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 127.2 ± 10.2 | −3.5 (−2.8) |
0.006 |
| Visit 1 | 123.3 ± 9.8 | |||
| Visit 2 | 123.2 ± 9.6 | |||
| Visit 3 | 121.4 ± 8.4 | |||
| Visit 4 | 123.7 ± 9.6 | |||
| DBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 81.5 ± 8.9 | −3.5 (−4.3) |
0.211 |
| Visit 1 | 80.1 ± 8.2 | |||
| Visit 2 | 80.0 ± 9.3 | |||
| Visit 3 | 78.6 ± 9.0 | |||
| Visit 4 | 78.0 ± 8.6 | |||
| HR (bpm) | Baseline | 69.4 ± 6.3 | −0.3 (−0.4) |
0.021 |
| Visit 1 | 72.0 ± 6.7 | |||
| Visit 2 | 69.7 ± 5.0 | |||
| Visit 3 | 70.4 ± 6.8 | |||
| Visit 4 | 69.1 ± 12.9 | |||
| TC (mg/dL) | Baseline | 223.0 ± 37.7 | −13.2 (−5.9) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 194.8 ± 30.7 | |||
| Visit 3 | 209.7 ± 28.4 | |||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | Baseline | 58.0 ± 12.9 | 3.3 (5.7) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 52.7 ± 12.7 | |||
| Visit 3 | 61.7 ± 13.0 | |||
| TG (mg/dL) | Baseline | 104.7 ± 41.4 | −27.1 (−25.9) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 78.4 ± 29.1 | |||
| Visit 3 | 77.6 ± 31.1 | |||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) (°) | Baseline | 144.0 ± 33.6 | −11.2 (−7.8) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 126.4 ± 23.4 | |||
| Visit 3 | 132.8 ± 23.7 | |||
| non HDL-C (mg/dL) | Baseline | 164.9 ± 35.7 | −16.5 (−10.1) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 142.1 ± 23.4 | |||
| Visit 3 | 148.4 ± 24.4 | |||
| TG/HDL-C | Baseline | 1.97 ± 1.14 | −0.6 (−30.5) |
0.001 |
| Visit 2 | 1.62 ± 1.05 | |||
| Visit 3 | 1.35 ± 0.73 | |||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | Baseline | 4.6 ± 1.0 | −0.3 (−6.5) |
0.093 |
| Visit 2 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | |||
| Visit 3 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | |||
| AST (UI/L) | Baseline | 18.5 ± 4.6 | −0.3 (−1.6) |
0.246 |
| Visit 2 | 19.5 ± 6.0 | |||
| Visit 3 | 18.2 ± 5.3 | |||
| ALT (UI/L) | Baseline | 20.5 ± 12.2 | −1.5 (−7.3) |
0.899 |
| Visit 2 | 21.4 ± 13.5 | |||
| Visit 3 | 19.0 ± 9.2 | |||
| γ-GT (UI/L) | Baseline | 21.0 ± 8.6 | −5.1 (−24.3) |
0.000 |
| Visit 2 | 16.0 ± 8.3 | |||
| Visit 3 | 15.9 ± 9.1 | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | Baseline | 0.74 ± 0.13 | −0.09 (−12.2) |
0.004 |
| Visit 2 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | |||
| Visit 3 | 0.65 ± 0.11 | |||
| CC (mL/min) | Baseline | 122.39 ± 33.09 | −4.40 (−3.6) |
0.026 |
| Visit 2 | 110.32 ± 26.15 | |||
| Visit 3 | 117.99 ± 25.59 | |||
| BUN (mg/dL) | Baseline | 33.39 ± 8.62 | 2.46 (7.4) |
0.092 |
| Visit 2 | 35.35 ± 6.22 | |||
| Visit 3 | 35.85 ± 8.94 | |||
| TSH (mUI/L) | Baseline | 2.40 ± 0.77 | −0.09 (−3.8) |
0.629 |
| Visit 2 | 2.21 ± 0.88 | |||
| Visit 3 | 2.31 ± 0.86 | |||
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; non-HDL-C, non-HDL-cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; γ-GT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; CC, creatinine clearance; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; (°) calculated by the Friedewald formula; * Friedman test for k mutually related samples.