Synergistic approaches combining multifunctional scaffolds with cell-based therapy for TERM. (a) Representative optical images of native and decellularized heart tissue. (b) Masson’s trichrome staining confirming absence of cells and cell debris in the matrix after decellularization. (c) Gross appearance of the volumetric muscle loss injury in four groups and (d) surface ratio of new muscle fibers formed in each group. MSCs and ECM scaffold have a synergistic effect promoting muscle tissue regeneration. Data shown as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; NS, not significant (p > 0.05). PBS phosphate buffer saline. (e) Scheme of the adhesive peptide modified hyaluronic acid scaffold loaded with bone marrow MSCs for spinal cord injury repair. (f) H&E staining of nontreated tissues (spinal cord injury) and tissues embedded with implants at 4 weeks postsurgery. Encapsulation of MSCs significantly improved nerve tissue reconnection effect of the scaffold. (a–d) adapted from [159], BioMed Central, 2018. (e–f) adapted with permission from [161], American Chemical Society, 2017.