Table A4.

Summary of different strategies for facilitation of cellular processes reviewed in this article.

Cellular Process	Facilitation Strategies	Ref
Adhesion	Stiffness and complex stiffness	[28,137,150,178]
	Nano-micrometer surface roughness	[36]
	Fibronectin, Col, and adhesion promoting peptides	[93,94,143,161]
	Electrical stimulation	[123]
	Magnetic stimulation	[16,176]
	Surface chemistry (wettability, charge, and potential)	[51,52,53,54,56,136]
	Electroconductive surface	[135]
Alignment, recruitment, and migration	Gradients in substrate stiffness (durotaxis)	[30]
	Surface topographical cues (nanofibers, microridges, porous channels, etc.)	[38,39,40,133,158]
	Local asymmetric topographical ratchets (ratchetaxis)	[41]
	Growth factor, chemokines, and others chemical stimuli (chemotaxis)	[73]
	Electrical stimulation and electric field gradient (galvanotaxis)	[123,127]
	Magnetic stimulation	[16]
Differentiation and polarization	Stiffness guided	[31,137,149,150]
	Micropattern, nanotopography and porosity	[37,171]
	Growth factor and cytokine delivery	[72,142,143,145,170]
	Ion delivery	[83,140]
	Gene therapy (e.g., genes encoding growth factors)	[112,164,167,169]
	Electrical stimulation	[123,180]
	Magnetic stimulation	[130]
	Optical stimulation	[19]
	Electroconductive surface	[135,139]
	Bioactive polymers (e.g., hyaluronic acid) and ECM composition	[144,146,159]
	MSCs	[159]
Proliferation	Growth factor and drug delivery	[142,145,153,160]
	Ion delivery	[84,140]
	Electrical stimulation	[123,127]
	Magnetic stimulation	[16]
	Optical stimulation	[19]
	Surface chemistry (wettability, charge, and potential)	[136]
	Stiffness	[137]
	Electroconductive surface	[135,139]
	Adhesion promoting peptides	[143]
Vascularization	VEGF delivery	[71,144]
	Gene therapy (genes encoding VEGF, chemokines, etc.)	[112,114,163,166,167,168]
	Ion delivery	[86]