Table 1.
IgA in Colostrum.
| Breastfeeding Phase and Time | Study | Year | Population Characteristics N, Location, Particular Characteristics (Age) |
Measure of Centrality and Spread |
Concentration and Distribution (mg/L) |
Analysis Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colostrum | ||||||
| h24 | [70] | 2015 | 77, Brazil, Healthy | Mean (SD) | 28,502 (25,672) | ELISA |
| d0 | [71] | 2006 | 14, Turin, Term delivery | ~Mean | 20,000 | # |
| d0 | [71] | 2006 | 16, Turin, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 40000 | # |
| d0 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (Range) | 32,000 (1500–83,700) | RI ** |
| d0 | [72] | 2012 | 44, Brazil, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 8291 ± 3376 | T ** |
| d0 | [73] | 2011 | 1, Bulgaria, Healthy (34) | Value | 137.4 | EIA ** |
| d0 | [73] | 2011 | 1, Bulgaria, Mother with UC (29) | Value | 408.5 | EIA ** |
| d1 | [74] | 2018 | 90, Turkey, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 29,370 ± 15,000 | N |
| d1 | [75] | 2011 | 60, Gabon, Healthy | Mean ± SEM | 13,400 ± 5900 | N |
| d1 | [76] | 2005 | 10, Brazil, Term delivery | Median (Range) | 28,310 (11,900–41,400) | IDQR ** |
| d1 | [76] | 2005 | 10, Brazil, Preterm delivery | Median (Range) | 213,890 (88,550–468,080) | IDQR ** |
| d1 | [77] | 2012 | 9, Southampton, Control group | Median (25th–75th) | 3130 (1760–7040) | ELISA ** |
| d1 | [77] | 2012 | 9, Southampton, Salmon supplementation | Median (25th–75th) | 1130 (770–3240) | ELISA ** |
| d0–d3 | [47] | 1972 | 133, Guatemala | Mean | 3330 | RI |
| d1–d2 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (17–41) | Mean (SD) | 6190 (1100) | SRI |
| d2 | [78] | 2006 | 31, Healthy, Bangladesh | Mean ± SD | 5630 ± 1640 | ELISA |
| d2 | [72] | 2012 | 44, Brazil, Healthy, Non-supplemented | Mean ± SD | 3439 ± 1772 | T ** |
| d2 | [72] | 2012 | 52, Brazil, Healthy, Vit A supplementation | Mean ± SD | 5012 ± 545 | T ** |
| d3 | [79] | 2000 | 48, Helsinki, infants with CMA | Mean (95%CI) | 380 (240–280) | RI |
| d3 | [79] | 2000 | 39, Helsinki, infants without CMA | Mean (95%CI) | 820 (990–1510) | RI |
| d3 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 26 | ELISA |
| d3 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 0.7 | ELISA |
| d3 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (Range) | 9000 (630–32,800) | RI ** |
| d3 | [80] | 2013 | 41, Tokyo, Healthy, Primipara | Mean | 2241 | EIA ** |
| d3 | [81] | 1982 | 7, Ethiopia, Underprivileged | Mean ± SD | 1690 ± 480 | ELISA ** |
| d3 | [81] | 1982 | 5, Ethiopia, Privileged | Mean ± SD | 5600 ± 6540 | ELISA ** |
| d3 ± d1 | [60] | 2011 | 22, Spain, Term delivery | ~Mean | 6500 | ELISA |
| d3 ± d1 | [60] | 2011 | 10, Spain, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 9100 | ELISA |
| d3 ± d1 | [60] | 2011 | 10, Spain, Very preterm delivery | ~Mean | 2500 | ELISA |
| d2–d3 | [42] | 2004 | 82, Brazil, Healthy (21–41) | Median (range) | 7500 (920–55,000) | ELISA |
| d4 | [59] | 1981 | 8, Durham, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 4500 | RI |
| d4 | [59] | 1981 | 5, Durham, Term delivery | ~Mean | 3400 | RI |
| d4 | [76] | 2005 | 10, Brazil, Term delivery | Median (Range) | 1290 (680–1790) | IDQR ** |
| d4 | [76] | 2005 | 10, Brazil, Preterm delivery | Median (Range) | 8130 (4730–118,890) | IDQR ** |
| h96 | [41] | 2015 | 15, Spain, Preterm delivery | Median (IQR) | 8980 (560–17,400) | Luminex |
| d1–d4 | [82] | 2013 | 11, Portugal, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 1728 ± 34 | ELISA |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 36, Brazil, <32 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 3102 ± 1360 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 36, Brazil, <32 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 2032 ± 1115 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 32, Brazil, 32–36 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 3004 ± 1303 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 32, Brazil, 32–36 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 1331 ± 0878 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 33, Brazil, >37 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 2250 ± 1267 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 33, Brazil, >37 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 858 ± 521 | RI |
| d3–d4 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (17–41) | Mean (SD) | 2390 (558) | SRI |
| d1-d5 | [64] | 2001 | 42 | Mean (SEM) | 19,020 (3110) | IN |
| d5 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Non-atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 1367 (1062) | SRI |
| d5 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 1252 (1090) | SRI |
| d5 | [81] | 1982 | 7, Ethiopia, Underprivileged | Mean ± SD | 720 ± 270 | ELISA ** |
| d5 | [81] | 1982 | 5, Ethiopia, Privileged | Mean ± SD | 790 ± 330 | ELISA ** |
| d5 | [77] | 2012 | 26, Southampton, Control group | Median (25th–75th) | 690 (510–1070) | ELISA ** |
| d5 | [77] | 2012 | 28, Southampton, Salmon supplementation | Median (25th–75th) | 550 (410–680) | ELISA ** |
| d1–d5 | [48] | 1977 | 17, India, Well-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 3359 ± 373.9 | RI |
| d1–d5 | [48] | 1977 | 10, India, Under-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 3743 ± 421.3 | RI |
| d1–d6 | [84] | 2018 | 22, Burundi, Healthy (24.30) | Mean (IQR) | 2780 (1450–22,200) | IT |
| d1–d6 | [84] | 2018 | 48, Italy, Healthy (37.39) | Mean (IQR) | 1480 (890–2670) | IT |
| * | [52] | 2013 | 10, Spain, Healthy, Untreated milk | Median (IQR) | 7180 (6530–7640) | Luminex |
| * | [52] | 2013 | 7, Spain, Healthy, Pasteurized milk | Median (IQR) | 3620 (2450–4780) | Luminex |
| * | [14] | 1971 | 15, Oslo, Healthy | Mean | 13,180 | SRI |
| * | [50] | 1978 | 24, Caucasian and Turkish women, Healthy (16–40) | Mean ± SD | 3542 ± 992 | RI |
| * | [85] | 1991 | 102, Helsinki, Healthy infants | ~Mean | 1500 | SRI ** |
| * | [85] | 1991 | 7, Helsinki, CMA infants | ~Mean | 500 | SRI ** |
SD, standard deviation of the mean; SEM, standard error mean; IQR, interquartile range; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IDQR, quantitative radial immunoassay; #, SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting; N, nephelometry; T, turbidimetry; IN, immunonephelometry; IT, immunoturbidity; RI, radial immunodiffusion; SRI, single radial immunodiffusion; CMA, cow’s milk allergy; CVID, common variable immunodeficiency; CD, Crohn disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; g.a., gestational age; * Data are not specified. ** The analytical method indicates that SIgA is quantified.