Table 3.
IgA in mature milk.
| Breastfeeding Phase and Time | Study | Year | Population Characteristics N, Location, Particular Characteristics (Age) |
Measure of Centrality and Spread |
Concentration and Distribution (mg/L) |
Analysis Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mature milk | ||||||
| d21 | [75] | 2011 | 60, Gabon, Healthy | Mean ± SEM | 4000 ± 2300 | N |
| d8–d22 | [95] | 2019 | 36, Oregon, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 750 | ELISA |
| d8–d22 | [95] | 2019 | 36, Oregon, Term delivery | ~Mean | 600 | ELISA ** |
| d21 | [59] | 1981 | 10, Durham, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 2400 | RI |
| d21 | [59] | 1981 | 7, Durham, Term delivery | ~Mean | 900 | RI |
| d21 | [80] | 2013 | 40, Tokyo, Healthy, Primipara | Mean | 1673.8 | EIA ** |
| d20–d22 | [86] | 2011 | 5, USA, Term delivery | ~Mean | 600 | ELISA ** |
| d20–d22 | [86] | 2011 | 15, USA, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 610 | ELISA ** |
| d28 | [59] | 1981 | 10, Durham, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 2900 | RI |
| d28 | [59] | 1981 | 5, Durham, Term delivery | ~Mean | 1000 | RI |
| d28 | [80] | 2013 | 40, Tokyo, Healthy, Primipara | Mean | 1285.5 | EIA ** |
| d28 | [77] | 2012 | 23, Southampton, Control group | Median (25th–75th) | 380 (310–530) | ELISA ** |
| d28 | [77] | 2012 | 23, Southampton, Salmon supplementation | Median (25th–75th) | 310 (220–430) | ELISA ** |
| d12–d30 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 6150 (4940) | ELISA |
| d15–d30 | [96] | 2017 | 4, Mexico, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | ~Mean | 1400 | N |
| d15–d30 | [96] | 2017 | 4, Mexico, Healthy, Pasteurized milk (85°) | ~Mean | 800 | N |
| d30 ± d2 | [60] | 2011 | 22, Spain, Term delivery | ~Mean | 500 | ELISA |
| d30 ± d2 | [60] | 2011 | 10, Spain, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 500 | ELISA |
| d30 ± d2 | [60] | 2011 | 10, Spain, Very preterm delivery | ~Mean | 500 | ELISA |
| d27–d29 | [86] | 2011 | 5, USA, Term delivery | ~Mean | 600 | ELISA ** |
| d27–d29 | [86] | 2011 | 15, USA, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 650 | ELISA ** |
| d20–d30 | [61] | 1984 | 8, Finland, Preterm delivery | Mean ± SEM | 2518 ± 145 | RI |
| d20–d30 | [61] | 1984 | 11, Finland, Term delivery | Mean ± SEM | 1716 ± 128 | RI |
| d2–d47 | [99] | 2018 | 15, California, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 600 | ELISA ** |
| d2–d47 | [99] | 2018 | 8, California, Term delivery | ~Mean | 500 | ELISA ** |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 41, Spain, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 4188.3 (2567.8–5392.4) | Luminex |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 40, Ethiopia, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 3232.2 (2233.7–4695.2) | Luminex |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 41, USA/Washington, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 13,556.0 (8494.1–21124.5) | Luminex |
| d14–d56 | [41] | 2015 | 15, Spain, Preterm delivery | Median (IQR) | 6800 (−6300 to 39,900) | Luminex |
| d15–d75 | [64] | 2001 | 21 | Mean (SEM) | 11,300 (1900) | IN |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 7, Ethiopia, Underprivileged | Mean ± SD | 430 ± 180 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 3, Ethiopia, Privileged | Mean ± SD | 610 ± 700 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 15, Sweden, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 830 ± 310 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Rural women | Mean ± SD | 630 ± 210 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Urban poor women | Mean ± SD | 840 ± 550 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Urban privileged | Mean ± SD | 1020 ± 650 | ELISA ** |
| m1 | [98] | 1995 | 14, Zaire, Well–nourished women | mean ± SD | 3360 ± 1690 | RI ** |
| m1 | [98] | 1995 | 17, Zaire, Malnourished women | mean ± SD | 4720 ± 5000 | RI ** |
| d42 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (Range) | 830 (450–1500) | RI ** |
| d56 | [80] | 2013 | 19, Tokyo, Healthy, Primipara | Mean | 1084.7 | EIA ** |
| m1–m2 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 553 (232) | ELISA |
| m2 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Non-atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 344 (208) | SRI |
| m2 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 324 (192) | SRI |
| m2 | [85] | 1991 | 100, Helsinki, Healthy infants | ~Mean | 400 | SRI ** |
| m2 | [85] | 1991 | 7, Helsinki, CMA infants | ~Mean | 250 | SRI ** |
| w6 | [91] | 2020 | 51, Netherlands, Healthy, Term delivery | Median (IQR) | 1680 (1080–2090) | Luminex |
| d70 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (Range) | 710 (350–1150) | RI ** |
| d84 | [80] | 2013 | 19, Tokyo, Healthy, Primipara | Mean | 973.7 | EIA ** |
| w8–w9 | [63] | 1998 | 65, Gambia, Healthy | Median (IQR) | 625 (376–959) | ELISA |
| m2–m4 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 557 (312) | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 564 (337) | ELISA |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Healthy | ~Mean | 250 | ELISA |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 5, Alberta, Mothers with CD | ~Mean | 100 | ELISA |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 11, Alberta, Mothers with UC | ~Mean | 50 | ELISA |
| m3 | [81] | 1982 | 15, Sweden, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 510 ± 180 | ELISA ** |
| m3 | [81] | 1982 | 9, Guatemala, Rural women | Mean ± SD | 410 ± 130 | ELISA ** |
| m3 | [81] | 1982 | 11, Guatemala, Urban poor women | Mean ± SD | 600 ± 210 | ELISA ** |
| m3 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Urban privileged | Mean ± SD | 580 ± 240 | ELISA ** |
| w12 | [91] | 2020 | 51, Netherlands, Healthy, Term delivery | Median (IQR) | 1260 (830–1680) | Luminex |
| w16–w17 | [63] | 1998 | 65, Gambia, Healthy | Median (IQR) | 666 (399–1125) | ELISA |
| m4 | [98] | 1995 | 14, Zaire, Well-nourished women | mean ± SD | 2240 ± 520 | RI ** |
| m4 | [98] | 1995 | 17, Zaire, Malnourished women | mean ± SD | 1670 ± 600 | RI ** |
| m6 | [81] | 1982 | 16, Sweden, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 770 ± 940 | ELISA ** |
| m6 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Rural women | Mean ± SD | 400 ± 220 | ELISA ** |
| m6 | [85] | 1991 | 65, Helsinki, Healthy infants | ~Mean | 250 | SRI ** |
| m6 | [85] | 1991 | 7, Helsinki, CMA infants | ~Mean | 200 | SRI** |
| m1–m6 | [92] | 2020 | 43, Thailand, Healthy (18–40) | Mean ± SD | 1108.2 ± 140.6 | ELISA |
| m1–m6 | [48] | 1977 | 12, India, Well-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 1196 ± 785 | RI |
| m1–m6 | [48] | 1977 | 10, India, Under-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 1181 ± 162 | RI |
| m6 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Non-atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 208 (73) | SRI |
| m6 | [83] | 2011 | Helsinki, Atopic mothers | Mean (SD) | 205 (078) | SRI |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Healthy | ~Mean | 350 | ELISA |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 6, Alberta, Mothers with CD | ~Mean | 50 | ELISA |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Mothers with UC | ~Mean | 50 | ELISA |
| w27–w28 | [63] | 1998 | 65, Gambia, Healthy | Median (IQR) | 680 (451–1008) | ELISA |
| w39–w40 | [63] | 1998 | 65, Gambia, Healthy | Median (IQR) | 715 (359–1063) | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [100] | 2016 | 2, Canada, Milk before spray drying | Mean ± SD | 215.80 ± 6.84 | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [100] | 2016 | 2, Canada, Milk before freeze drying | Mean ± SD | 262.68 ± 56.40 | ELISA |
| m9 | [81] | 1982 | 16, Sweden, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 900 ± 730 | ELISA ** |
| m9 | [81] | 1982 | 10, Guatemala, Rural women | Mean ± SD | 430 ± 150 | ELISA ** |
| m9 | [85] | 1991 | 39, Helsinki, Healthy infants | ~Mean | 300 | SRI ** |
| m9 | [85] | 1991 | 7, Helsinki, CMA infants | ~Mean | 200 | SRI ** |
| m1–m12 | [93] | 2020 | 26, Wroclaw, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 2120 ± 620 | ELISA ** |
| m6–m12 | [92] | 2020 | 47, Thailand, Healthy (18–40) | Mean ± SD | 1295.9 ± 166.7 | ELISA |
| w17–w52 | [47] | 1972 | 133, Guatemala | Mean | 500 | RI |
| w51–w52 | [63] | 1998 | 65, Gambia, Healthy | Median (IQR) | 746 (408–1067) | ELISA |
| >w53 | [47] | 1972 | 133, Guatemala | Mean | 2420 | RI |
| m10–m15 | [101] | 1983 | 269, Bangladesh, Peri-urban mothers with GI | Range | 10–1700 | ELISA ** |
| m12–m18 | [92] | 2020 | 50, Thailand, Healthy (18–40) | Mean ± SD | 1242.9 ± 108.0 | ELISA |
| m13–m18 | [93] | 2020 | 35, Wroclaw, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 2950 ± 1300 | ELISA ** |
| m19–m24 | [93] | 2020 | 32, Wroclaw, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 3350 ± 2220 | ELISA ** |
| >m24 | [93] | 2020 | 23, Wroclaw, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 7550 ± 7160 | ELISA ** |
| m18–m24 | [92] | 2020 | 44, Thailand, Healthy (18–40) | Mean ± SD | 1271.6 ± 145.9 | ELISA |
| m3–m26 | [94] | 2013 | 5, Spain, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 433.9 ± 17.6 | ELISA |
| m3–m26 | [94] | 2013 | 6, Spain, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 1646.0 ± 153.4 | ELISA |
| d1–d249 | [44] | 1994 | 64, Sri Lanka, (25) | Median (Range) | 2340 (300–19100) | ELISA |
| d1–d205 | [44] | 1994 | 29, Asia, Immigrant women (26) | Median (Range) | 3100 (200–16400) | ELISA |
| d1–d310 | [44] | 1994 | 75, UK, White women (29.5) | Median (Range) | 2500 (200–18200) | ELISA |
| * | [52] | 2013 | 8, Spain, Healthy, Untreated milk | Median (IQR) | 5960 (2810–6790) | Luminex |
| * | [52] | 2013 | 8, Spain, Healthy, Pasteurized milk | Median (IQR) | 2220 (1280–3430) | Luminex |
| * | [49] | 1977 | >25, Cardiff, Untreated milk | Mean | 50 | RI |
| * | [49] | 1977 | >25, Cardiff, Heat-treated milk (56° 30 min) | Mean | 480 | RI |
| * | [49] | 1977 | >25, Cardiff, Heat-treated milk (62.5° 30 min) | Mean | 390 | RI |
| * | [49] | 1977 | >25, Cardiff, Heat-treated milk (70° 15 min) | Mean | 240 | RI |
| * | [49] | 1977 | >25, Cardiff, Heat-treated milk (80° 15 min) | Mean | 100 | RI |
| * | [50] | 1978 | 19, Caucasian and Turkish women, Healthy (16–40) | Mean ± SD | 2163 ± 797 | RI |
| * | [102] | 2013 | 9, Poland, Atopic mothers | Median (IQR) | 476.836 (209.2–678.53) | ELISA ** |
| * | [102] | 2013 | 61, Poland, Non-atopic mothers | Median (IQR) | 782.47 (614.04–916.69) | ELISA ** |
| * | [103] | 2012 | 40, Beirut, Non-smokers | Mean ± SD | 1070 ± 260 | IN * |
| * | [103] | 2012 | 23, Beirut, Smokers | Mean ± SD | 780 ± 320 | IN * |
SD, standard deviation of the mean; SEM, standard error mean; IQR, interquartile range; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; N, nephelometry; IN, immunonephelometry; RI, radial immunodiffusion; SRI, single radial immunodiffusion; CMA, cow’s milk allergy; CVID, common variable immunodeficiency; CD, Crohn disease; UC, ulcerative colitis, GI, giardia infection. * Data are not specified. ** The analytical method indicates that SIgA is quantified.