Table 5.
IgG in milk.
| Breastfeeding Phase and Time | Study | Year | Population Characteristics N, Location, Particular Characteristics (Age) |
Measure of Centrality and Spread |
Concentration and Distribution (mg/L) |
Analysis Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colostrum | ||||||
| d0 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (range) | 530 (150–1910) | RI |
| h24 | [70] | 2015 | 77, Brazil, Healthy | Mean (SD) | 883 (515) | ELISA |
| d1 | [75] | 2011 | 60, Gabon, Healthy | Mean ± SEM | 2000 ± 1000 | N |
| d1–d2 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (25.5) | Mean (SD) | 314 (123) | SRI |
| d2 | [78] | 2006 | 31, Bangladesh, Healthy (18–35) | Mean ± SD | 95 ± 24 | ELISA |
| d3 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 19.5 | ELISA |
| d3 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 1121 | ELISA |
| d3 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Apparently healthy | Mean (range) | 190 (80–460) | RI |
| d2–d3 | [42] | 2004 | 82, Brazil, Healthy (21–41) | Median (range) | 28.0 (9–530.0) | ELISA |
| d1–d4 | [82] | 2013 | 11, Portugal, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 199 ± 10 | ELISA |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 36, Brazil, <32 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 76 ± 38 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 36, Brazil, <32 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 18 ± 26 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 32, Brazil, 32–36 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 47 ± 42 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 32, Brazil, 32–36 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 10 ± 20 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 33, Brazil, >37 w of g.a., Non-pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 54 ± 37 | RI |
| d2–d4 | [66] | 2005 | 33, Brazil, >37 w of g.a., Pasteurized milk | Mean ± SD | 15 ± 23 | RI |
| d3–d4 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (25.5) | Mean (SD) | 141 (50) | SRI |
| d1–d5 | [109] | 1992 | 14 | Mean | 80.4 | RI |
| * | [50] | 1978 | 24, Caucasian and Turkish women (16–40) | Mean ± SD | 473 ± 238 | RI |
| Transition milk | ||||||
| d5–d6 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (25.5) | Mean (SD) | 56 (18) | SRI |
| d6 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (range) | 30 (20–40) | RI |
| d7 | [75] | 2011 | 60, Gabon, Health, Term delivery | Mean ± SEM | 1400 ± 600 | N |
| d7 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 13.7 | ELISA |
| d7 | [65] | 2009 | 1, Brazil, mother with CVID | Value | 91 | ELISA |
| d5–d10 | [87] | 2008 | 30, India, Term delivery, Pre-pasteurization milk | Mean (SD) | 0.0055 (0.0013) | ELISA |
| d5–d10 | [87] | 2008 | 30, India, Term delivery, Post-pasteurization milk | Mean (SD) | 0.0022 (0.0006) | ELISA |
| d7–d8 | [62] | 1985 | 20, Moscow, Healthy (25.5) | Mean (SD) | 141 (50) | SRI |
| d5–d11 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 22 (13) | ELISA |
| d14 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (range) | 40 (20–200) | RI |
| w2 | [91] | 2020 | 51, Netherlands, Healthy, Term delivery | Median (IQR) | 52.10 (39.10–76.42) | Luminex |
| Less w2 | [89] | 1992 | 16, Canada, Non-ultrasonic homogenized milk | Mean ± SD | 6.6 ± 4.7 | I |
| Less w2 | [89] | 1992 | 16, Canada, Ultrasonic homogenized milk (<45°) | Mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 4.8 | I |
| Less w2 | [89] | 1992 | 16, Canada, Ultrasonic homogenized milk (>55°) | Mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 4.5 | I |
| d8–d22 | [95] | 2019 | 36, Oregon, Preterm delivery | ~Mean | 22 | ELISA |
| Mature milk | ||||||
| d12–d30 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 23 (12) | ELISA |
| d21 | [75] | 2011 | 60, Gabon, Health, Term delivery | Mean ± SEM | 700 ± 300 | N |
| d15–d30 | [96] | 2017 | 4, Mexico, Healthy (30), Unprocessed milk | ~Mean | 500 | N |
| d15–d30 | [96] | 2017 | 4, Mexico, Healthy (30), Pasteurized milk (85°) | ~Mean | 400 | N |
| m1 | [105] | 2018 | 36, Jordan, Healthy, Term delivery | Mean (SD) | 103 (41.0) | ELISA |
| d22–d36 | [109] | 1992 | 14 | Mean | 46.9 | RI |
| d42 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (range) | 30 (20–50) | RI |
| m1–m2 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 20 (14) | ELISA |
| w6 | [91] | 2020 | 51, Netherlands, Healthy, Term delivery | Median (IQR) | 43.60 (32.64–57.71) | Luminex |
| d70 | [45] | 1982 | 11, New Zealand, Healthy | Mean (range) | 20 (10–40) | RI |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Healthy | ~Mean | 12 | ELISA |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 5, Alberta, Mothers with CD | ~Mean | 30 | ELISA |
| m3 | [53] | 2018 | 11, Alberta, Mothers with UC | ~Mean | 20 | ELISA |
| w12 | [91] | 2020 | 51, Netherlands, Healthy, Term delivery | Median (IQR) | 43.60 (32.64–57.71) | Luminex |
| m4 | [105] | 2018 | 36, Jordan, Healthy, Term delivery | Mean (SD) | 133 (48.9) | ELISA |
| m2–m4 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 24 (15) | ELISA |
| m1–m6 | [48] | 1977 | 12, India, Well-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 29 ± 9.2 | RI |
| m1–m6 | [48] | 1977 | 10, India, Under-nourished women | Mean ± SEM | 58 ± 34.1 | RI |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 41, Spain, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 59.95 (48.73–90.51) | Luminex |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 40, Ethiopia, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 96.09 (72.22–127.69) | Luminex |
| d14–d150 | [67] | 2017 | 41, USA/Washington, Healthy (>18) | Mean (IQR) | 32.67 (19.35–44.60) | Luminex |
| m6 | [105] | 2018 | 36, Jordan, Healthy, Term delivery | Mean (SD) | 145 (54.0) | ELISA |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Healthy | ~Mean | 350 | ELISA |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 6, Alberta, Mothers with CD | ~Mean | 50 | ELISA |
| m6 | [53] | 2018 | 7, Alberta, Mothers with UC | ~Mean | 50 | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [100] | 2016 | 2, Canada, Milk before spray drying | Mean ± SD | 13.92 ± 0.80 | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [100] | 2016 | 2, Canada, Milk before freeze drying | Mean ± SD | 19.59 ± 0.17 | ELISA |
| m4–m8 | [88] | 2016 | 90, China, Healthy urban mothers | Median (IQR) | 23 (14) | ELISA |
| m1–m12 | [93] | 2020 | 26, Poland, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 14.71 ± 6.18 | ELISA |
| m13–m18 | [93] | 2020 | 35, Poland, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 14.82 ± 9.11 | ELISA |
| m19–m24 | [93] | 2020 | 32, Poland, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 15.60 ± 4.33 | ELISA |
| >m24 | [93] | 2020 | 23, Poland, Healthy | Mean ± SD | 18.95 ± 6.76 | ELISA |
| m3–m26 | [94] | 2013 | 5, Spain, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 54.4 ± 2.2 | ELISA |
| m3–m26 | [94] | 2013 | 6, Spain, Healthy, Unprocessed milk | Mean ± SD | 13.5 ± 1.6 | ELISA |
| * | [50] | 1978 | 24, Caucasian and Turkish women (16–40) | Mean ± SD | 234 ± 129 | RI |
SD, standard deviation of the mean; SEM, standard error mean; IQR, interquartile range; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; N, nephelometry; RI, radial immunodiffusion; I, Immunodiffusion; SRI, single radial immunodiffusion; CVID, common variable immunodeficiency; CD, Crohn disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; g.a., gestational age. * Data are not specified.