Figure 7.

Label-free nanodevices for exosome isolation. (a) Schematic illustration of the microfluidic device developed by Liu et al. which exploits lifting forces to separate EVs in a size-dependent manner. Adapted with permission from [199]. Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic illustration of the microfluidic device realized by Wunsch et al. that uses nanopillar arrays to separate EXOs and other vesicles according to their size [200]. (c) Schematic illustration of the microfluidic device presented by Cho et al., which isolates EVs directly from biological fluids by means of electrophoretic migration. Reprinted with permission from [202]. Copyright (2016) Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of the fluidic device developed by Marczak et al., which uses high transverse electric fields and ion-depleting cation-selective membrane, placed in an agarose gel, to separate EVs of different sizes. Reprinted with permission from [203]. Copyright (2018) John Wiley and Sons. (e) Schematic illustration of the acoustofluidic device realized by Wu et al., which exploits SSAW for EXO isolation directly from undiluted blood. Reprinted with permission from [205]. Copyright (2017) National Academy of Sciences. (f) Schematic illustration of the acoustic trapping method presented by Ku et al. that exploits ultrasonic transducers to induce reversible clustering between EVs and polystyrene beads which, in turn, facilitates their purification. Adapted with permission from [207]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.