Table 5.
Associations between dependent (PIU: YDQ ≥ 5 point) and independent (sex, age, survey years, bedtime on weekday and holidays type of internet device used, and type of internet service used) variables in the logistic regression analysis.
| Adjusted OR * | 95% CI ** | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.876 | 0.545–1.409 | 0.586 |
| Age | |||
| 12 years old | Reference | ||
| 13 years old | 0.920 | 0.558–1.518 | 0.744 |
| Survey years | |||
| Survey III (2020) | Reference | ||
| Survey II (2019) | 0.905 | 0.582–1.614 | 0.969 |
| Survey I (2018) | 1.091 | 0.639–1.862 | 0.749 |
| Bedtime on weekdays | |||
| Before or at 9:59 PM | Reference | ||
| 10:00–10:59 PM | 1.084 | 0.502–2.339 | 0.837 |
| 11:00–11:59 PM | 0.980 | 0.408–2.358 | 0.964 |
| At or after 12:00 AM | 2.185 | 0.828–5.766 | 0.114 |
| Bedtime on holidays | |||
| Before or at 9:59 PM | Reference | ||
| 10:00–10:59 PM | 1.216 | 0.544–2.720 | 0.633 |
| 11:00–11:59 PM | 1.780 | 0.753–4.208 | 0.189 |
| At or after 12:00 AM | 2.949 | 1.150–7.567 | 0.024 |
| Type of internet device used | |||
| Personal computer | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.876 | 0.556–1.380 | 0.569 |
| Smartphone | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.816 | 0.458–1.454 | 0.491 |
| Tablet | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.321 | 0.847–2.061 | 0.219 |
| Portable game console | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.652 | 1.678–4.191 | 0.001 |
| Stationary game console | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.818 | 0.508–1.317 | 0.408 |
| Feature phone | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.243 | 0.509–3.039 | 0.633 |
| Others | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.000 | 0.548–1.824 | 1.000 |
| Typeofinternetserviceused | |||
| Informationandnewssearching | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.741 | 0.465–1.179 | 0.205 |
| E-mail, chatandinternettelephone | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.289 | 1.166–4.497 | 0.016 |
| Blogandinternetbulletinboard | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.217 | 1.263–3.888 | 0.006 |
| Socialnetworkingservices | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.985 | 0.588–1.650 | 0.954 |
| Onlinegame | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.419 | 0.851–2.366 | 0.180 |
| Movieandmusic | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.404 | 0.935–6.178 | 0.069 |
| Shoppingandauction | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.832 | 1.104–3.038 | 0.019 |
| Others | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.367 | 0.821–2.275 | 0.229 |
* OR: odds rate; ** CI: Confidence interval.