Figure 3.

Forest plot summarizing the effects of diet, exercise intervention, and combined treatment on changes in muscle mass in at each follow-up time point. Each point estimate (square) in each time frame and during the overall duration presents the network combined effect (SMD) on the muscle mass relative to UC, with the 95% CI (horizontal line). The results plotted on the right-hand side indicate effects favoring the treatment approach. The blue−colored point denotes the highest rank of probability, reflecting that the treatment approach is the optimal intervention among all treatments in each time frame. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; AET, aerobic exercise training; AQET, aquatic exercise training; BFR, blood flow restriction; DIA, diet instruction and advisement; IMET, isometric exercise training; IMMR, intermittent multimeal replacement; MET, multicomponent exercise training; RET, resistance exercise training; RMMR, regular multimeal replacement; RUMR, regular unimeal replacement; Std, standard; UC, usual care.