Skip to main content
. 2021 Jun 10;13(6):1992. doi: 10.3390/nu13061992

Table 1.

Summary of the study characteristics of included trials.

Study
(Author, y, Ref)		 Study Arm 1 Age (y) 2 BMI
(kg/m2)		 Sex
(F/M)		 N Involved
Joint		 Exercise Intervention Diet Intervention Measured
Time Point
(weeks)		 Main
Outcome Measure
Type
(COM%)		 Frequency ×
Duration		 Type
(COM%)		 WL Target
(% or kg) 6
Diet intervention alone
Christensen, D 60.5 ± 11.6 36.3 ± 5.6 35/5 40 Knee None None MR None Baseline FFM
2005 [61] UC 64.6 ± 10.4 35.5 ± 4.6 36/4 40 (6 meals/d), Posttest: 8
DIA, CBT
−93.2
Christensen, D1, Regular MR 63.7 ± 6.5 32.6 ± 3.7 62/15 77 Knee None None MR None Baseline LBM
2017 [60] D2, Intermittent 63.9 ± 6.3 34.0 ± 5.3 65/11 76 (1–3 meals/d), Midtest: 52
MR DIA Posttest: 156
−71.2
López- D1, Uni-MR 60.9 ± 11.2 38.9 ± 5.1 35/17 52 Hip None None MR (1 or ↓ 5 kg Baseline FFM
Gómez, D2, Multi-MR 61.4 ± 11.0 40.2 ± 5.3 46/14 60 Knee 2 meals/d) Posttest: 12
2020 [67] (NR)
Exercise intervention alone
Gill, Water-based ET 69.2 ± 10.5 41.4 ± 3.9 28/14 42 Hip AQET, 2 d/wk × 6 wk None None Baseline GS
2009 [64] Land-based ET 71.6 ± 8.9 39.8 ± 13.1 23/17 40 Knee RET (12 sessions) Posttest: 7
(81.7–87.5) Follow-up: 15
Kuptniratsaikul, Water-based ET 62.1 ± 6.4 27.9 ± 1.5 38/2 40 Knee AQET 3 d/wk × 4 wk None None Baseline Qd strength
2019 [65] Land-based ET 61.7 ± 6.9 27.6 ± 1.7 37/3 40 IMET (12 sessions) Posttest: 4
(76–91.7)
Lim, Water-based ET 65.7 ± 8.9 27.9 ± 1.5 23/3 26 Knee AQET; 3 d/wk × 8 wk None None Baseline LBM
2010 [66] Land-based ET 67.7 ± 7.7 27.6 ± 1.7 21/4 25 RET; (24 sessions) Posttest: 8 FFM
Home-based ET 63.3 ± 5.3 27.7 ± 2.0 21/3 24 (NR) Qd strength
Mahmoud, ET 54.6 ± 8.6 35.0 ± 4.1 0/32 32 Knee IM-ET 3 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline MT
2017 [69] UC 3 53.2 ± 9.6 34.8 ± 4.2 0/12 12 (NR) (36 sessions) Posttest: 12 Qd strength
Mangani, AET 68.7 ± 5.6 5 33.3 ± 5.0 5 146/51 5 57 Knee AET 3 d/wk × 72 wk None None Baseline GS
2006 [70] RET 64 RET (216 sessions) Mid-test: 12, 36
UC 76 (50.5–81.4) Posttest: 72
Matsuse, NMES + ET 58.8 ± 11.8 37.5 ± 4.5 10/0 10 Knee AET 2 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline GS
2020 [71] ET 59.7 ± 6.1 36.1 ± 3.4 10/0 10 (NR) (24 sessions) Posttest: 12 Qd strength
Rabe, NMES 67.3 ± 8.5 27.5 ± 6.1 17/0 17 Knee RET 2 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline GS
2018 [77] ET 65.9 ± 9.4 27.5 ± 4.1 18/0 18 (NR) (24 sessions) Posttest: 12 Qd strength
Exercise intervention alone
Rosemffet, NMES + ET 62.4 ± 8.7 4,5 31.6 ± 5.3 4 20/6 5 8 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 8 wk None None Baseline Qd strength
2004 [79] NMES 34.2 ± 6.7 4 8 −70.3 (24 sessions) Posttest: 8
ET 29.1 ± 3.3 4 10
Segal, BFR-ET 58.4 ± 8.7 31.3 ± 5.3 0/19 19 Knee RET 3 d/wk × 4 wk None None Baseline Leg press 1-RM
2015a [80] ET 56.1 ± 7.7 30.4 ± 4.2 0/22 22 −100 (12 sessions) Posttest: 4
Segal, BFR-ET 56.1 ± 5.9 28.7 ± 4.4 19/0 19 Knee RET 3 d/wk × 4 wk None None Baseline Qd volume
2015b [81] ET 54.6 ± 6.9 32.5 ± 5.2 21/0 21 −97.2 (12 sessions) Posttest: 4 Leg press 1-RM
Swank, ET 63.1 ± 7.3 35.9 ± 8.5 24/12 36 Knee RET 3 d/wk × 4–8 wk None None Baseline Qd strength
2011 [84] UC 3 62.6 ± 7.6 32.9 ± 5.7 22/13 35 −90 (12–24 sessions) Posttest: 8
Tak, ET 67.4 ± 7.6 26.4 ± 3.0 29/16 45 Hip MET 7 d/wk × 8 wk None None Baseline GS
2005 [85] UC 3 68.9 ± 7.6 26.6 ± 4.3 35/14 49 −77 (56 sessions) Posttest: 8
Follow-up: 20
Talbot, ET 69.6 ± 6.7 31.0 ± 5.9 13/4 17 Knee AET 3 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline GS
2003a [86] UC 3 70.8 ± 4.7 32.6 ± 6.9 13/4 17 −76 (36 sessions) Posttest: 12 Qd strength
Follow-up: 24
Talbot, NMES 70.3 ± 5.6 29.5 ± 4.1 15/3 18 Knee IMET 3 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline GS
2003b [87] UC 3 70.8 ± 4.9 31.6 ± 5.9 4/12 16 −85 (36 sessions) Posttest: 12 Qd strength
Follow-up: 24
Wallis, ET 68.0 ± 8.0 34.0 ± 5.2 9/14 23 Knee AET 7 d/wk × 12 wk None None Baseline GS
2017 [90] UC 3 67.0 ± 7.0 34.0 ± 7.4 11/12 23 −70 (84 sessions) Posttest: 13
Combined treatments
Beavers, D + ET 65.5 ± 6.0 33.5 ± 3.7 108/43 151 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 72 wk MR ↓ ≥10% Baseline FFM 4
2015 [58] ET 65.5 ± 6.4 33.5 ± 3.7 108/42 150 (58–70) (216 sessions) (2 meals/d), Midtest: 24
D 65.8 ± 6.2 33.7 ± 3.8 105/44 149 DIA, CBT Posttest: 72
−63
Christensen, D + ET 62.9 ± 5.8 36.5 ± 4.4 52/12 64 MET 3 d/wk × 52 wk MR ↓ ≥10% Baseline LBM;
2013 [59]; D 63.0 ± 6.5 37.9 ± 5.3 52/12 64 −59.1 (156 sessions) (1 meal/d), Posttest: 52
2015 [62] UC 61.7 ± 6.8 37.6 ± 4.5 51/13 64 DIA, CBT
−61.5
Combined treatments
Ghroubi, D + ET 41.4 ± 3.9 37.5 ± 3.7 NR 12 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 8 wk MR NR Baseline LBM
2008 [63] ET 43.8 ± 13.1 37.1 ± 5.7 10 (NR) (24 sessions) (3 meals/d), Posttest: 8
D 41.5 ± 11.7 38.7 ± 6.1 12 (NR)
UC 3 42.4 ± 9.8 39.2 ± 3.7 11
Magrans- D + ET 54.0 ± 9.0 5 33.3 ± 5.0 5 14/0 14 Knee RET 3 d/wk × 14 wk DIA ↓ 3–5 kg Baseline FFM
Courtney, ET 16/0 16 (NR) (42 sessions) (NR) Midtest: 10 Bench-
2011 [68] Posttest: 14 press 1-RM
McLeod, D + ET 66.5 ± 4.8 33.7 ± 7.6 64/8 72 Hip MET 3 d/wk × 8 wk DIA, CBT ↓ 5% Baseline LBM
2020 [72] ET 67.2 ± 5.7 33.9 ± 7.3 73/10 83 Knee (NR) (24 sessions) (NR) Posttest: 8 FFM 4
Messier, D + ET 67.0 ± 4.0 35.0 ± 5.0 10/3 13 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 24 wk DIA, CBT ↓ ≥6.8 kg Baseline GS
2000 [73] ET 69.0 ± 5.0 38.0 ± 6.0 7/4 11 −94.7 (72 sessions) −82.6 Midtest: 12 Qd strength
Posttest: 24
Messier, D + ET 65.0 ± 6.0 33.6 ± 3.7 109/43 152 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 72 wk MR ↓ 10–15% Baseline LBM
2013 [74] ET 66.0 ± 6.0 33.5 ± 3.7 108/42 150 (54–70) (216 sessions) (2 meals/d), Midtest: 24
D 66.0 ± 6.0 33.7 ± 3.8 108/44 152 DIA, CBT Posttest: 72
(61.0–63.0)
Miller, D + ET 69.8 ± 8.2 34.9 ± 6.5 43/24 67 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 24 wk MR, ↓ 10% Baseline FFM
2006 [76] UC 3 69.5 ± 8.2 34.4 ± 5.7 38/29 67 (72–83) (72 sessions) (2 meals/d) Posttest: 24
DIA, CBT
−75
Miller, D + ET 69.3 ± 6.6 35.7 ± 6.6 14/12 26 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 24 wk MR ↓ 10% Baseline FFM
2012 [75] UC 3 69.3 ± 6.5 34.9 ± 4.0 13/12 25 −76.3 (72 sessions) (2 meals/d), Posttest: 24
DIA, CBT
−74
Robbins, D + ET 62.5 ± 7.4 34.6 ± 6.9 4 57/30 87 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 18 wk MR NR Baseline GS
2020 [78] UC 3 63.8 ± 7.3 36.3 ± 7.5 4 52/32 84 (89/73) (54 sessions) (2 meals/d), Midtest: 20 Qd strength
−94 Posttest: 32
Skou, D + ET 64.8 ± 8.7 30.6 ± 5.6 26/24 50 Knee MET 2 d/wk × 12 wk DIA ↓ ≥5% Baseline GS
2015 [82] UC 3 67.1 ± 9.1 29.4 ± 5.2 25/25 50 −65.8 (24 sessions) −67.5 Posttest: 12
Follow-up: 24, 52
Combined treatments
Skou, D + ET 65.9 ± 8.7 31.3 ± 5.7 56/44 100 Knee MET 2 d/wk × 12 wk DIA ↓ ≥5% Baseline GS
2018 [83] UC 3 67.1 ± 9.1 29.4 ± 5.2 25/25 50 (NR) (24 sessions) (NR) Posttest: 12
Follow-up: 24, 104
Toda, D + ET 56.5 ± 11.1 28.1 ± 1.1 11/0 11 Knee AET 7 d/wk × 8 wk MR NR Baseline LBM
2000 [89] UC 3 61.9 ± 5.5 28.8 ± 3.3 31/0 31 RET (56 sessions) (2 meals/d), Posttest: 8
(NR) (NR)
Toda, D + ET 63.2 ± 7.9 27.4 ± 3.1 4 63/0 63 Knee AET 7 d/wk × 8 wk MR NR Baseline LLM
2001 [88] ET 61.0 ± 11.7 26.6 ± 4.0 4 84/0 84 RET (56 sessions) (2 meals/d), Posttest: 8
D 60.1 ± 13.5 27.9 ± 4.7 4 29/0 29 (NR) (NR)
UC 3 63.1 ± 9.3 26.4 ± 4.1 4 52/0 52
Wang, D + ET 69.9 ± 5.7 35.0 ± 5.8 25/15 40 Knee MET 3 d/wk × 24 wk MR ↓ 10% Baseline LBM
2007 [91] UC 3 68.8 ± 5.7 34.7 ± 4.3 21/12 33 −77.5 (72 sessions) (2 meals/d), Posttest: 24 Qd strength
DIA, CBT
−75

1 All study arms are presented for each trial. 2 Values are presented as mean and SD (or range). 3 No diet intervention, and no muscle strength exercise training. 4 Data were estimated. 5 Values of all samples. 6 Values denote the weight loss target in terms of body weight reduction in % or kg. AET, aerobic exercise training; AQET, aquatic exercise training; BFR-ET, exercise training with blood flow restriction; BMI, body mass index; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; COM, compliance; D, diet; DIA, diet instruction and advisement; ET, exercise training; FFM, fat-free mass; GS, gait speed; IMET, isometric exercise training; LBM, lean body mass; LLM, leg lean mass; MET, multicomponent exercise training; MR, meal replacement; MT, muscle thickness; NC, nutrition class; NMES, neuromuscular electric stimulation; NR, not reported; PLA, placebo; Qd; quadriceps muscle; Ref, reference number; RET, resistance exercise training; UC, usual care; WL, weight loss.