Table 1.
Chemical induced lung tumorigenesis in animal models.
| Chemical | Dose | Animals | Histopathological Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco related | ||||
| NNK | 2 mg/0.1 mL saline/mouse, single i.p. | A/J mice | AH, AD, AC | [16,21,35,44,45,46,50,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] |
| 2 mg/0.1 mL saline/mouse, 2 times i.p. |
A/J mice | AH, AD, AC | [22,44,69,70,71] | |
| 10 mg/mL saline/rat, 3 times i.p. | F344 rats | AH | [17,49] | |
| 20 mg/mL saline/rat, single i.p. | F344 rats | AH | [49] | |
| 50 mg/kg BW, i.p. | A/J mice | Tumor | [72] | |
| Urethane | 1 g/kg BW, single i.p. | FVB mice | AAH, AD | [14] |
| 1 mg/kg BW, 10 times i.p., | C57/BL6 mice | AAH, AD, AC | [73] | |
| 250 mg/kg BW, i.p. | A/J mice | AD | [46] | |
| 1 mg/kg BW, 10 times i.p. | F344 rats | AH | [19,21] | |
| 5 mg/mouse, single i.p. | A/J mice | AH | [21] | |
| 1 mg/g BW, single i.p. | FVB/J mice | AD | [74] | |
| DEN | 15 μg/g BW, single i.p. | FVB/N mice | AC | [29] |
| 15 μg/g BW, single i.p. | A/J mice | AC | [75] | |
| 100 mg/kg BW, single s.c. | Syrian golden hamster | BH, squamous papilloma | [38] | |
| MeIQx | 600 ppm MeIQx in a basal diet for 12 weeks |
A/J mice | AH, AD | [46,50] |
| 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 ppm MeIQx in a basal diet for 32 weeks | A/J mice | AH, AD | [67] | |
| BaP | 20 mg/kg BW, i.t. | F344 rats | AH | [19,21] |
| Tobacco smoke | expose MCS for 22 weeks | FVB/N mice | AD, AC | [39] |
| whole-body to MCS during the first 4 months of life | H neonatal mice | AH, AD, AC | [40] | |
| expose MCS for 12 weeks | Syrian golden hamster | BH, squamous papilloma | [38] | |
| Others | ||||
| DHPN | 100 or 500 ppm, drinking water | Wistar rats | AD, AC, SCC, ADSC | [76] |
| 2000 ppm, drinking water, 12 weeks | Wistar rats | AC, SCC, ADSC | [77,78] | |
| 0.1% drinking water, 2 weeks | F344 rats | AH, AD, AC | [17,19,20,21,22,49,50,51] | |
| 0.2% drinking water, 1 week | F344 rats | AH, AD, AC | [79] | |
| Aflatoxin B1 | 150 mg/kg BW, i.p. divided into 24 doses over 8 weeks |
AC3F1 mice | AH, AD, AC | [54] |
| Aflatoxin G1 | 100 μg/kg BW, orally administered |
Balb/c mice | AD | [55] |
| 4-NQO | 2 mg/mL, s.c. | ICR mice | AD | [57] |
| 10 mg/kg BW, single s.c. | TSOD mice | AH, AD, AC | [56] | |
| DMN | 30 mg/kg BW, single i.p. | F344 rats | AH, AD | [19,21] |
| X-ray | 3.0 Gy X-rays | Wistar rats | AD, AC | [46] |
| NTCU | skin painted, 2 times/week, for 35–40 weeks |
Swiss mice | SCC, ADSC, AC, a single ciliated-cell tumor |
[59] |
| skin painted, 2 times/week, for 8 months |
Swiss mice | SCC | [80] | |
| 0.5 mmol/L/mouse, intranasal administration, once a week for 26 weeks |
A/J mice | BH, SCC | [81] |
NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; DEN, diethlnitrosamine; MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8 dimethylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoxaline; DHPN, N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine; BaP, Benzo[a]pyrene; MCS, mainstream cigarette smoke; 4NQO, 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide; DMN, N-nitrosodimethylamine; N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea, NTCU; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; i.t., intratracheal instillation; s.c., subcutaneous; AH, alveolar hyperplasia; AAH, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; AD, adenoma; AC, adenocarcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; ADSC, adenosquamous carcinoma; BH, bronchial hyperplasia; BW, body weight.