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. 2021 Jun 10;22(12):6255. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126255

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Pathogenesis and molecular biomarkers of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Various mechanisms (most of them indicated by the arrows) leads to pulmonary fibrosis (see text for details). Adapted from Ley B, et al. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2014, 307, L681–L691 [14].