Table 1.
Performance of Small Molecule-Regulated Riboswitches in Mammalian Cells.
| Switch Construct | Mechanism | Polarity | Ligand | Fold Regulation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2 | Polyadenylation | Off | Guanine | 5.2 | Spöring et al. 2020 [66] |
| L2 | Splicing | On | Tetracycline | 5.7 | Vogel et al. 2018 [70] |
| Tet13_el | Splicing | On | Tetracycline | 16.9 | Finke et al. 2021 [71] |
| AS325 W-P9 6T8T | Trans-splicing | On | Theophylline | 2 | Kim et al. 2014 [75] |
| SVH2βgal | Translation roadblock | Off | Hoechst dyes | 10 | Werstuck and Green 1998 [79] |
| CFS-RX GAAA | Translation roadblock | Off | Ciprofloxacin | 1.8 | Groher et al. 2018 [85] |
| R22 | Translation roadblock | Off | Theophylline | 10 | Liu et al. 2018 [89] |
| R26 | Translation roadblock | Off | Tetracycline | 10 | Liu et al. 2018 [89] |
| 68 metH | Programmed ribosomal frameshifting | On/Off | Adenosine-2’,3’-dialdehyde | 4.39 | Chou et al. 2010 [105] |
| Theo-OFF2-MMTV | Programmed ribosomal frameshifting | On/Off | Theophylline | 6 | Hsu et al. 2014 [108] |
| TheoOFF2 SARS | Programmed ribosomal frameshifting | On/Off | Theophylline | 1.5 | Lin and Chang 2016 [109] |
| M1-VPK | Programmed ribosomal frameshifting | On/Off | NCT8 | 9.1 | Matsumoto et al. 2018 [110] |
| pE19T | miRNA processing | On | Theophylline | 3 | An et al. 2006 [118] |
| th1 | miRNA processing | On | Theophylline | 4.1 | Beisel et al. 2011 [120] |
| pRzTheo-miREGFP | miRNA processing | Off | Theophylline | 4 | Kumar et al. 2009 [122] |
| β(1x) | miRNA processing | On | Folinic acid | 3.5 | Wong et al. 2018 [123] |
| miR-378a-CT | miRNA processing | On | Theophylline | 5.7 | Pollak et al. 2021 [124] |
| tac210 | miRNA site accessibility | On | Tetracycline | 19 | Mou et al. 2018 [125] |
| P1-F5, 5.3 | mRNA self-cleavage | Off | Theophylline | 6 | Ausländer et al. 2010 [130] |
| 7c4x | mRNA self-cleavage | On | Guanine | 6.7 | Mustafina et al. 2020 [133] |
| K19 | mRNA self-cleavage | On | Tetracycline | 8.7 | Beilstein et al. 2015 [136] |
| GuaM8HDV | mRNA self-cleavage | Off | Guanine | 29.5 | Nomura et al. 2013 [140] |
| Tc40 | mRNA self-cleavage | Off | Tetracycline | 24 | Zhong et al. 2016 [153] |
| Gua_K3 | mRNA self-cleavage | On | Guanine | 4 | Stifel et al. 2019 [168] |
| Theo-HHR-B | mRNA self-cleavage | Off | Theophylline | 4.8 | Zhang et al. 2017 [169] |
| TAP1 | mRNA self-cleavage | Off | Theophylline | 7 | Pu et al. 2020 [170] |
| XanACGAG | mRNA self-cleavage | On | Hypoxanthine | 6.8 | Xiang et al. 2019 [171] |
| FolUGAAG | mRNA self-cleavage | On | (6R,S)-folinic acid | 5.3 | Xiang et al. 2019 [171] |
| cdG-CGUAA | mRNA self-cleavage | On | Cyclic di-GMP | 2 | Xiang et al. 2019 [171] |
| sgRNA4 | CRISPR-Cas gRNA accessibility | Off | Tetracycline | 4.25 | Liu et al. 2016 [187] |
| Theophylline-agRNA | CRISPR-Cas gRNA cleavage | On/Off | Theophylline | 3 | Tang et al. 2017 [188] |
| Guanine-agRNA | CRISPR-Cas gRNA cleavage | On/Off | Guanine | 4.8 | Tang et al. 2017 [188] |