Table 2.

Effect of polysaccharides from various mushrooms on gut microbiota.

Mushrooms (Common Name)	Bioactive Compounds	Type of Study	Gut Bacteria Effects	References
Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)	Lentinula edodes soluble dietary fiber fractions (LESDF): LESDF-1: →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→5)-β-D-Arap-(1→,→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→,→4)-α-D-Manp,→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→,→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→ LESDF-2: →6)-β-D-Glcp-1→,→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,β-DGlcp-(1→,→5)-β-D-Arap-(1→,→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→,→3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→ LESDF-3: β-D-Arap-(1→,→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→,→3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →4)- β-D-Xylp-(1→, and →2,4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→	Human gut microbiota in vitro study	LEDS-2 increase microbial communities LEDS-3 causes an increase in the abundance of Parasutterella, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Lachnospira	[42,49,50]
Auricularia auricula-judae (wood ear) Flammulina velutipes (velvet shank)	Mushrooms dried powder after in vitro digestion with α-amylase, pepsin, and pancreatin. The main bioactive compounds are carbohydrates and proteins.	Human gut microbiota in vitro study	They led to an increase in the abundance of groups of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and inhibited the growth of Fusobacteria and Firmicutes	[51]
Lentinus edodes Pleurotus eryngii (King Oyster)			Promoted the growth of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and inhibited the development of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes
Pleurotus osteratus (Oyster mushroom)			Promoted the growth of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria, inhibited the growth of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.
Agaricus bispours (champigno n)			Positively influences Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes and inhibit the growth of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria
Hericium erinaceus (lion’s mane mushroom)	Polysaccharides, alcoholic extracts, and whole extracts alcoholic extracts, and whole extracts	Rats with inflammatory bowel disease	Reduce the amount of lipopolysaccharide toxins, increase the abundance of Bifidobacterium;	[25,52]
Oudemansiella radicata (Rooted Collybia)	Polysaccharide extract	Human gut microbiota in vitro study	Reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio Increase Bacteroides abundance	[53]
Ophicordyceps sinensis (Rooted Collybia)	Mushrooms dried powder after in vitro digestion with α-amylase, pepsin, and pancreatin	Human gut microbiota in vitro study	Increase abundance of Bifidobacteriales, Selenomonadales	[54]
Cordyceps militaris (Chinese caterpillar fungus)			Increase the relative abundance Bacteroidales. Implicitly decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
Inonotus obliquus (chaga)	Polysaccharides Ethanolic extract	High-fat diet mice (HFD-mice)	Increase Akkermansia abundance and fatty acid elongation	[55]
Phellinus linteus (black hoof mushroom)	Polysaccharide total extract (two fractions were characterized, PLPS-1: α-D-glucose (1→4)-α-D-glucose (1→6) units and PLPS-2: α-(1→3)- D-glucose and α-(1→6)-D-glucose)	Sprague Dawley rats with Type 2 diabetes	Causes an increase in the abundance of Lachnospiraceae-NK4A1 36, Blautia, Ruminiclostridium-9, Eubacterium xylanophilum, Anaerotruncus, Oscillibacter Lachnospiraceae-UCG-00 6, Roseburia, Prevotella and improves microbial balance	[56,57]
Cordycepssinensis (Cordyceps mushroom)	Polysaccharide fraction	HFD mice	The relative abundances of Actinobacteria (in particular Olsenella bacteria) and Acidobacterias were increased and those of Bacteroidetes decreased. At the genus/cluster level, decreases of Barnesiella, Prevotellaceae and the Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis and increases of Christensenella, Clostridium_XVIII cluster and Pseudomonas	[58]
Pleurotus eryngii	Soluble polysaccharide fraction	HFD mice	Supplementation causes changes only at the genus level, an increase of Anaerostipes, Clostridium, Lactococcus, and a decrease of Roseburia and Lactobacillus	[59]