Table 1.
Experimental studies in animals.
| Ref. | Year | No. of Subjects | Exposure Dose | Stage | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [81] | 2012 | 2 groups 6–9 mice/group | 100 µg/kg body weight/day | 3-month-old male OF-1 mice | The mice exposed to BPA developed insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia and increased secretion in response to glucose stimulation. They also presented a lower body temperature and were less active than those in the control group. |
| [83] | 2010 | 3 groups 8–13 mice/group | 10 or 100 μg/kg body weight/day | 3-month pregnant OF-1 mice | BPA produces metabolic disorders that disrupt glucose homoeostasis, which is considered a risk factor for diabetes. The offspring has lower glucose tolerance, as well as higher insulin resistance and higher plasma levels of insulin, leptin, triglycerides, and glycerol. |
| [90] | 2013 | 7 groups 13–17 mice/group | 5, 50, 500, 5000, and 50,000 μg/kg body weight/day | 3-month-old nulliparous female CD-1 | The mice exposed to BPA at four different doses significantly lose the ability to maintain normal glucose levels and show greater insulin insensitivity. |
| [91] | 2015 | 3 groups 9–13 mice/group | lower dose: 10 μg/kg body weight/day; upper dose: 10 mg/kg body weight/day | Six-week-old virgin C57BL/6 females | Early life exposure to environmental EDs can disrupt the metabolism of the developing foetus, as well as that of its offspring. Weight gain was observed in male offspring compared to controls, as well as glucose intolerance during adulthood. |
| [92] | 2019 | 3 groups 11 mice/group | lower dose: 10 μg/kg body weight/day; upper dose: 10 mg/kg body weight/day | C57BL/6J virgin female mice (F0) crossed with 8–10 weeks old C57BL/6J males | This study suggests that BPA exposure can be passed down through generations by epigenetic modifications. The third generation has a lower number of pancreatic ß cells and an increase in insulin secretion. |
| [93] | 2016 | Control group: 73 mice; BPA10 group: 63; BPA100 group: 56. | 10 or 100 μg/kg body weight/day | 3-month pregnant OF-1 mice | The offspring of pregnant females exposed to BPA at doses of either 10 μg/kg/day or higher doses of 100 μg/kg/day presented higher levels of insulin in the blood compared to the control group. |
| [94] | 2016 | Not Available | 5 mg/kg body weight/day | 6-8-week-old breeding pairs of adult C57BL/6 mice | Exposure to BPA increases glucagon expression and the number of ß-cell islets in the pancreas that express it, suggesting that BPA may disrupt pancreatic cell differentiation. |
| [95] | 2011 | 64 mice (32 female and 32 male) | 50, 250, or 1250 μg/kg body weight/day. Dosages were adjusted daily for body weight changes of pregnant rats (2.0 mL/kg body weight) | Virgin female (270–300 g) and male (350–400 g) genitor Wistar rats. Pups measured on postnatal days 1, 5 10, 15, and 21 | Perinatal exposure to BPA is implicated in the development of obesity and compromises the proper metabolism functioning, particularly when exposure is at small doses (50 ug/kg). The males of the offspring present hyperinsulinaemia and metabolic disturbances that increase with age. |
| [96] | 2016 | Groups of 6–9 female sheep | 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg body weight/day from days 30 through 90 of gestation | Adult Suffolk breed sheep (2–5 y old) | Exposure to BPA during foetal life at levels equivalent to those found in humans can disrupt metabolism, leading to insulin resistance and adipocyte hypertrophy. The defects produced in the metabolism of glucose and insulin are similar to those produced by a high-fat diet. |
| [97] | 2012 | Not Available | 1 nM | Adult C57 female mice | Environmentally significant doses of BPA have an insulinotropic action on the islets of Langerhans. |
| [98] | 2013 | 15–30 mice per group | 100 µg/kg body weight/day | 8 weeks old male and female C57BL6 mice (F0) | The results suggest that exposure to BPA could contribute to the appearance of metabolic disorders that lead to significant disruptions in glucose homoeostasis. Furthermore, the effects of BPA seem to be dose-, sex-, and time-dependent and are greater if exposure occurs during the foetal development period. |
| [99] | 2017 | 15–30 mice per group | 0, 0.25, 2.5, 25, or 250 μg BPA/kg body weight/day from GD 8 to lactational day 16 | Breeding pairs of adult C57BL/6 mice | The effects of BPA are dose- and sex-dependent. The second exposure exacerbated the adverse effects of BPA exposure in females, who presented signs of obesity and metabolic disturbances such as increased triglyceride levels, hyperinsulinaemia, and insulin resistance. |
OF-1, CD-1, C57BL/6 they are species of mice.